Managing Change Essay -- essays research papers

"Managing Change"     Massive variegate is impacting on every last(predicate) facets of society, creating unexampled dimensions and great uncertainty. Instant communication, super small high-tech equipments, the globalization movement, the deadly terrorist attacks in the U.S., the emerging of foreign investments in China nation are all the changing dimensions of the world. These are few of the flips which have occurred around last two decades. The issue facing people in business today is how to manage much(prenominal) changes.     The origin of one change has an impact on other origin of changes. For example, technological break thorough of the communication in computers resulted in tremendous change of behavioral through an extensive and immediate involvement of the average citizen in world event. In the past, it took time and a lot of money to reach the soulfulness across the continent but now it is only one click on the button and a cost under $1.     The impact of the change affects the individual, on organization, and on geopolitical. The management of change by individual, organization, and national and international bodies is critical to survival in the decades ahead. The individuals who invest their most formative years in an learning and their most productive years in occupational activities must be able to build to personal competence both to survive and manage change. Organizations command flexibility in structure and appropriate strategies if they are to survive and be viable in the future. And government, institutions, and international coordination must create the appropriate environment to have individuals and organizations to prosper and create the fruits of civilization.     The emphasis is primary on how individuals and organizations can deal with change successfully and develop appropriate strategies and structures for the effective management of change. Management of change must provide guidelines for institutional and structural change as well as for individual. (Scott and Jaffe, 1995)      If persons have a motivation to face a change, they are probable to take people with them and they can bring organization to change. This is an effective one. Also, there are many changes that are brought by the change in an institution, such as the go... ...n prevent crisis. Nonetheless, Basil and Cook (1974) state crisis can be a danger that weakens or destroys the organization or crisis can be a harvesting opportunity. Therefore, successfully dealing with change in the organization means choosing to grow and develop continuously.References     Robblins, P. Stephen, Organization Behavior 10th ed., Upper Saddle River,             NJ Prentice-Hall, 2003.     Carnall, Colin A. Managing change, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1991.      Scott, Cynthia D. and Jaffe, Dennis T. Managing change at work Leading             people through organizational transitions, Menlo Park, CA Crisp                   Publications, 1995.     Basil, Douglas C. and Cook, Curtis W. The management of change,                 McGraw Hill, 1974.     http//www.prosci.com/ADKAR-overview.htm

The Truth about Cannibalism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Paper

The Truth about CannibalismTypical Western thought directs people to examine the practices of cannibalism as savage and primitive. More frequently than not, this type of association exists because the people viewing the action are frightened and confused by that which they do not understand. In fact, some would even bring that, cannibalism is merely a product of European imagination (Barker, 2), thereby completely denying its existence. The belief that cannibalism goes against human instinct, as seen in many literary work including Tarzan, reduces those who practice it to being inhuman. (Barker, 1) However, scientific findings demonstrate that those who practice cannibalism are still human despite their difference in beliefs therefore, not only can systematization be extrapolated from those who practice the act of cannibalism, tho also denying the fact of the participants very humanity has been undermined through scientific findings. The spectrum of logic beh ind cannibalism is childlike in scope and varies in each nation. In Africa there are a number of cannibalistic tribes, the two most notable being the Fang and Azande tribes. The Fang tribe occupied the Gabun district north of the Ogowh River in the French Congo. According to Mary Kingsley, The Fang is not a cannibal for sacrificial motives and is considered by many to be chastely superior to the Negro. (encyclopedia.org) However, despite displaying higher moral standards, the Fang tribe has been purported to be utterly indifferent to human life. (encyclopedia.org) Yet, it was not indifference that served as the basis of practicing the acts of cannibalism but rather they simply found nothing wrong in doing so. In the Fang a woman who bore ... ...that of his kind. In the Hua and Gimi tribes, there are untold deeper meanings and rituals involved in the eating of human flesh. Whether Westerners view cannibalism as primitive does not undermine its presence. These tribes ha ve maintained their salvation through cannibalism for centuries. In fact, some may even posit that without the existence of cannibalism, these tribes may cease to exist due to the lack of a strong underlying culture. Works CitedBaker, John. Online. Internet. WWW page. http//www.heretical.org/cannibal.baker1.html 5 Oct. 2002.Barker, Hulme, and Iverson. Cannibalism and the Colonial World. New York Cambridge University Press, 1998.Kingsley, Mary. Online. Internet. WWW page. http//30.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FA/FANG.htm 5 Oct. 2002.Sanday, Peggy. Divine Hunger. New York Cambridge University Press, 1986.

The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essays

The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons BelovedIn Toni Morrisons Beloved, 124 groundwork be thought of as a font with human characteristics that are brought about by the unearthly presence of Sethes deceased daughter. It is almost as if the house is the physical element of this spiritual force, and the naming of the house as simply 124 immediately allows readers to unconsciously register the un agnizen number three in 1-2-4 (Washington 175). This idea becomes relevant because after registering this, we can see a reoccurring pattern of this concept throughout the text. First of all, there were three females in Sethes family, and after murdering her eldest daughter, there was left a triple of grandmother, mother, and daughter (Washington). In Washingtons article she elaborates heavily on this idea of the missing number three as the number suggests a spiritual element. Aje, defined as a controlling matriarch who uses her power, forcefully or gently, to guide her family a nd often the community (Washington 172) is overwhelmingly present at 124, and is an Africana theoretical position concept that Washington attempts to define in her article while also interpreting the intricacies of the mother-daughter relationship in Beloved (172). However, it seems that there are also study ideas that play a part in this concept of Aje. Through Toni Morrisons Beloved and Teresa Washingtons The Mother-Daughter Aje Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved, it seems that the Aje relationship can be defined by several reoccurring themes which consist of the idea of unification through the act of violence, male presence, or the lack thereof, and the concept of Sethes self-importance in comparison to her best self. There seems ... ... my theory, Beloved understands that her mother put her in a safe place, but at the same time she does not fully understand why she was placed there alone, and for this she is angry, and in turn takes her anger out on her mother in an attempt to destroy her, so evidently, Washington is contradicting herself. Through Beloved and Washingtons article, the concept of the Aje mother-daughter relationship becomes prevalent. This concept is emphasized by unification through violence, male absence, and the idea of Sethes best self. Washington says, Beloved revolves around a mother and daughters desire to enjoy perfect unity (Washington 174). Clearly, we see this concept and ultimately what happens as a result of Sethes desire, and the destructive path it leads her down, as of course, destruction is a characteristic of the mother-daughter Aje relationship.

Amistad Review :: essays papers

Amistad ReviewSteven Spielbergs Amistad is centered on the legal status ofAfricans caught and brought to America on a Spanish striver ship. TheAfricans rise up and begin a mutiny against their captors on the highseas and be brought to trial in a New England court. The court must define if the Africans be actu all in ally born as slaves or if they wereillegally brought from Africa. If the Africans were born as slavesthen they would be guilty of murder, but if their being brought herefrom Africa is illegal, they had the compensate to defend themselves. Thiswas not such a simple issue since the slave distribute had been banned bytreaties at the time of the Amistad incident in 1839. The impression startson board the Amistad. On the ship the leader of the Africans, Cinque,frees himself from his chains and frees the persist of his tribe. Theyslaves be being taken from a Havana slave market to some otherdestination in Cuba. The deuce custody who bought them ar spared, andprom ise to take the slaves ski binding to Africa. Instead, the Amistad isguided into US waters, and the Africans end up being tried in a NewEngland court. Luckily, it is a Northern court. If the slaves hadended up in the sec they would have no chance of getting off. Theslaves are first defended by Roger Baldwin a well-off real estatelawyer who bases the case on billet law. Only slowly does Baldwincome to see his clients, the slaves, as human beings. Also, two Bostonabolitionists, an immigrant called Tappan, and a former slave namedJoadson are in the defense. Together these men work to try to free the53 slaves aboard the Amistad. After the slaves are tried and freed atthe New England district court, they must go to the Supreme Court. Inthe Supreme Court John Quincy Adams, former president, who is fightingfor the freedom of all men, defends them. He gives an 11 minute speechand persuades the Supreme Court to free the slaves as individualsbecause all men are free under the Decl aration of Independence. Theslaves are freed once and again and choose to return to theirhomeland. However, Cinque discovers that his village has beendestroyed and the rest of his family has already been sold intoslavery. This is where Cinque emerges as a powerful character. He wasonce a free farmer living in peace with his instanter lost wife and family.Amistad Review essays papersAmistad ReviewSteven Spielbergs Amistad is centered on the legal status ofAfricans caught and brought to America on a Spanish slave ship. TheAfricans rise up and begin a mutiny against their captors on the highseas and are brought to trial in a New England court. The court mustdecide if the Africans are actually born as slaves or if they wereillegally brought from Africa. If the Africans were born as slavesthen they would be guilty of murder, but if their being brought herefrom Africa is illegal, they had the right to defend themselves. Thiswas not such a simple issue since the slave trade had been banned bytreaties at the time of the Amistad incident in 1839. The movie startson board the Amistad. On the ship the leader of the Africans, Cinque,frees himself from his chains and frees the rest of his tribe. Theyslaves are being taken from a Havana slave market to anotherdestination in Cuba. The two men who bought them are spared, andpromise to take the slaves back to Africa. Instead, the Amistad isguided into US waters, and the Africans end up being tried in a NewEngland court. Luckily, it is a Northern court. If the slaves hadended up in the South they would have no chance of getting off. Theslaves are first defended by Roger Baldwin a well-off real estatelawyer who bases the case on property law. Only slowly does Baldwincome to see his clients, the slaves, as human beings. Also, two Bostonabolitionists, an immigrant called Tappan, and a former slave namedJoadson are in the defense. Together these men work to try to free the53 slaves aboard the Amistad. After the slaves are tried and freed atthe New England district court, they must go to the Supreme Court. Inthe Supreme Court John Quincy Adams, former president, who is fightingfor the freedom of all men, defends them. He gives an 11 minute speechand persuades the Supreme Court to free the slaves as individualsbecause all men are free under the Declaration of Independence. Theslaves are freed once and again and choose to return to theirhomeland. However, Cinque discovers that his village has beendestroyed and the rest of his family has already been sold intoslavery. This is where Cinque emerges as a powerful character. He wasonce a free farmer living in peace with his now lost wife and family.

Reversing The Aging Process, Should We? Essay -- essays research paper

Reversing The Aging Process, Should We?In the length of time measured as human lifetime one can expect to see a all-inclusiverange of differing events. It is assumed that during a lifetime a person leave aloneexperience every possible different emotion. If one is particularly lucky, hewill bear witness to, or affect some momentous change in humanity. However is itreasonable to ask what would be experienced by psyche who lived two lifetimes?Up until recently the previous question would and could and be rhetorical.There is no answer, because no one has ever lived that long. Of course that wasup until now.At McGill University, nematodes (tiny organisms) have experienced five lifetimes(Kluger). Through complex scientific experiments nematodes and fruit flies havehad their lifespans increased not by fractions of life times, but by multiplesof lifetimes (Kruger). Mankind is using the discovery of DNA as an opportunityto spiel G-d by changing the aging process. Man has a natural dete rmination to playthe role of G-d. Man has a an inherent need to affect others, be it through thevises of war, power, manipulation or politics. However mans natural tendency toplay G-d has reached its final manifestation. By attempting to slow down theaging process man is using himself as the ultimate canvas, to play the role ofthe omnipotent. look into into the process of aging began in 1961(Rose, Technology Review64).Since then a great deal of time, money and effort have been appropriated intodiscovering the causes of aging, it can therefore be inferred that humanity hasan almost "personal" interest in aging. Of course the culmination of discoveringhow we age, is discovering how to stop it. An intrinsic characteristic of Man isHis obsession with superficiality. Superficiality is equated with appearance.The appearance of spectator can be equated with youth. Therein lies mans obsessionwith age, ceasing to age means being eternally beautiful. As usual mans actions be dominate d by ego and self-preservation. Within the confines of youth therelies a certain fountain of power. Power which cannot be accessed once one ages.Things worry physical and sexual prowess. The time of youth is often refereed toas the "prime of your life". It is therefore not difficult to understand andconceive of mans motivation to stay young and to wish that the immediate peoplesurr... ...mcontrol ling microscopic chemical reactions. Man is referred to as G-dsultimate creation, the earthly concern his canvas. But what happens when humans stealthe canvas and decide to redecorate, would you want to recolor your Picasso? Isthere any justification for living that long, does there need to be? These arenot easy questions, and there not intended to be, but should scientists provesuccessful in their endeavors, all of these questions will have to be resolved.How can certain establishments which frown on cosmetic plastic surgery frown onthe reorganization of protein strands? There is no doubt that the people incharge of those organizations would take payoff of these technologies (Rose,Melatonin, 6). How are the two things different? There are no possible answersto these questions for now they must remain rhetorical.It is increasingly obvious that the repercussions of these technologies stretchacross the board. As always the horizon of the future stretches before us, onlyrevealing a glimpse of that which is to come. The resounding questions that willsoon confront us can only be concluded with the passage of time, somethingapparently humanity will have a lot of.

Reversing The Aging Process, Should We? Essay -- essays research paper

R of all timesing The Aging Process, Should We?In the length of time measured as hu existence lifetime iodin can promise to see a fullrange of differing events. It is assumed that during a lifetime a person willexperience every possible different emotion. If one is particularly lucky, hewill bear witness to, or affect some momentous change in humanity. However is itreasonable to ask what would be experienced by someone who lived two lifetimes?Up until recently the previous question would and could only be rhetorical.There is no answer, because no one has ever lived that long. Of course that wasup until now.At McGill University, nematodes (tiny organisms) deal experienced five lifetimes(Kluger). Through complex scientific experiments nematodes and fruit flies havehad their lifespans increased not by fractions of life times, but by multiplesof lifetimes (Kruger). Mankind is using the discovery of DNA as an opportunityto play G-d by changing the aging process. Man has a natural tend ency to playthe role of G-d. Man has a an inherent wish to affect others, be it through thevises of war, power, manipulation or politics. However mans natural tendency toplay G-d has reached its final manifestation. By attempting to slow down theaging process man is using himself as the final canvas, to play the role ofthe omnipotent.Research into the process of aging began in 1961(Rose, Technology Review64).Since then a great deal of time, money and effort have been appropriated intodiscovering the causes of aging, it can therefore be inferred that humanity hasan almost "personal" interest in aging. Of course the culmination of discoveringhow we age, is discovering how to stop it. An intrinsic characteristic of Man isHis arrested development with superficiality. Superficiality is equated with appearance.The appearance of beauty can be equated with youth. Therein lies mans obsessionwith age, ceasing to age means being eternally beautiful. As public mans actionsare domina ted by ego and self-preservation. Within the confines of youth therelies a certain fountain of power. Power which cannot be accessed once one ages.Things like physical and sexual prowess. The time of youth is often refereed toas the "prime of your life". It is therefore not difficult to represent andconceive of mans motivation to stay young and to wish that the immediate peoplesurr... ...mcontrol ling microscopic chemical reactions. Man is referred to as G-dsultimate creation, the universe his canvas. But what happens when humans stealthe canvas and decide to redecorate, would you want to recolor your Picasso? Isthere any justification for living that long, does there need to be? These arenot easy questions, and there not intended to be, but should scientists provesuccessful in their endeavors, all of these questions will have to be resolved.How can certain establishments which frown on cosmetic plastic surgery frown onthe reorganization of protein strands? There is no dou bt that the people incharge of those organizations would take advantage of these technologies (Rose,Melatonin, 6). How are the two things different? There are no possible answersto these questions for now they must remain rhetorical.It is increasingly open that the repercussions of these technologies stretchacross the board. As always the horizon of the future stretches before us, onlyrevealing a glimpse of that which is to come. The resounding questions that willsoon submit us can only be concluded with the passage of time, somethingapparently humanity will have a lot of.

Many including Dowshen believe

There is no clear definition of what satiate inebriety as it is often defined as the process of drinking heavily over several days (Dowshen). However, it is now commonly associated with the drinking of alcohol in moody amounts and over a very short period of time. (Dowshen).The above definition cl archean indicates that apparently orgy drinking is only related to the heavy consumption of alchol for a shorter period of time however on the much deeper grounds, this problem outlines many social as well as psychological issues as many argue that binge drinking can be a result of poor relations of the children with their parents specially pay backs.Whether, this assumption is true or not, wholeness cleary have to consider whether the rift between the relations of mother and child can lead children to a point where children can involve themselves into such activities. This act will discuss the possibility of whether the binge drinking is a result of poor mother child relations or n ot? Mother minor Relations Many including Dowshen believe that kids binge drink because many liquor stores as well as beverages companies create such an image where drinking seems to be a very fascinating activity.Since children, at their raw ages, still cope to learn and accommodate themselves with the society therefore consider drinking as integrity of the means to associate themselves with the very society within which they live. However, there is a much darker side to this fact likewise which shots back into the very psychology and facts of life of the children. Numerous studies have clearly established a link between the child maltreatment and the binge drinking and multiple mal-treatments make this behavior heterogeneous and an obvious choice for children to binge drink. (Shin, Edwards and Heeren).Since it is a strong possibility that one of the sources of the child mistreatment is mothering therefore the relations between the child and mother are also one of the biggest contributors towards the culmination of addictive behavior into the children including binge drinking. It is also important to note that the mother child relations are largely depending upon the relative storey of care for the child however, when children face neglect in their childhood at the hands of their parents specially mothers, the negative and addictive behaviors start to emerge into the children which lead them to binge drinking.The studies conducted by Shin, Edwards and Heeren clearly established that link between the neglect and the binge drinking. There can be various reasons for the poor relations between mother and child as early neglect, heavy alcoholism by the parents themselves as well as low income and education result into either voluntary or involuntary rift into the relations between the mother and the child and such behaviors finally resurrect in the form of heavy episodic drinking by the children at their adolescent age.What is also shocking is the fact that addictive drinking by the mothers during their pregnancy can lead to the binge drinking habits into the teens from very early age. (Harshman). Conclusion Studies indicate that poor relations between the mother and child can lead teens to binge drinking habits and as such can bollocks their ability to progress well into their lives. Works Cited 1. Dowshen, Steven. Binge Drinking? August 2006. Teens Health. 23 March 2009 . 2. Harshman, Cara. Study Mothers drinking after childs take over can be dangerous. 22 Oct 2007. The Badger Herald. 23 March 2009 . 3. Shin, Sunny Hyucksun, Erika M Edwards and Timothy Heeren. Child abuse and neglect Relations to adolescent binge drinking in the national longitudinal study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Study. Addictive Behaviors 34. 3 (2009) 277-280.

Mission and vision statements Essay

Mission of Toyota is to provide safe & sound journey. Toyota is developing various new technologies from the perspective of thrust saving and diversifying energy sources. Environment has been first and to the highest degree important issue in priorities of Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. 3. Dell pile and missionVisionIts the way we do business. Its the way we interact with the community. Its the way we interpret the world around us our customers need, the future tense of technology, and the global business climate. Whatever changes the future may bring our vision Dell Vision will be our guiding force. MissionTo be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve.4. Pepsi Vision and MissionVisionPepsiCos debt instrument is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. MissionOur miss ion is to be the worlds premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we extend for honesty, fairness and integrity 5. Vision & Mission of TitanVisionTo be a world-class, innovative and progressive organization and to build worldss most wanted brands.MissionTo create wealth for all our stakeholders by building highly successful businesses based on a customer-centric approach, and to contribute to the community.

Cry, the Beloved Country

Literary Elements by Paton In the last chapter of the novel Cry, The Beloved Country the author Alan Paton uses symbols, repetition, and touch sensation shows dissimilitude and hope in the main character, Kumalo in order to describe how the black men of south Africa must be able to adapt to their situations, or they whitethorn non make it out with their sanity. Throughout the passage in chapter 36, Paton often use opinion to depict the stages of emotions Kumalo experienced while thinking about his watchwords fate. Kumalo questions himself Would Absolam be awake, would he be able to sleep, this night before the morning?He cried out, My password (310). In this sentence, Kumalo wonders how his son will face his end the next morning and feels the same pain Absolam does. The anguish and concern Kumalo felt shows his way of coping with the terrible fate to meet his son the following morning. Kumalo not only worries about how his son is coping with his inevitable death, but cries ou t in desperation as if Absolam will be able to hear him and be comforted. In addition, in the final moments of the book, Kumalo looks at the faint steady lightening in the east (312). Kumalo is no longer afraid of his sons future, embraces it and is at peace.His sons execution placed Kumalo in a dark place where he was not familiar with, but at when dawn came and the cheerfulness rose the thing he fe atomic number 18d was finally here and he accepted it so he could move on and his son could rest in peace. The tone in this sentence had a tone of hopefulness, as opposed to the tone of the rest of the passage that had a tone of despair and grief because the referral to the sunbathe displayed optimism and feelings of not wanting to dwell in the past. However, Paton uses the tone shift in this passage to show Kumalos acceptance and adaption to reality and the things he could not change.Paton often used repetitive words relating to the darkness, light, and about the sun rising and setti ng. These words all described how each village had to accept their situation before they could truly be at peace with themselves and the lives they live. For example, The great valley of Umzimkulu is still in darkness, but the light will come there. (312). In a literal interpretation, this simply describes how the sun slowly spread outs and shines on all the villages, but in the context of this passage, Paton depicts the darkness and the negativity some people of South Africa are stuck in.And as the sunlight shines over them, they will become rejuvenated and realize the beauty in living one more day despite the conditions they live in. In addition, Kumalo thought to himself that The sun would rise soon after five, and it was then it was done (310). The indication of the sun rising represents the end of the darkness of the night and then end of Kumalos dark thoughts passim the night. Not only does it mean the end of Kumalos suffering, it means that the sun rise will end his sons biography by execution.It is likewise a metaphor for renewal throughout, the moment he feared most is over and done with and he can now rest easy. Furthermore, Patons use of tone in this passage also illustrates how Kumalo persisted through his darkest times and he eventually was able to pull through and hope his son the best, or the capability to adjust to any situation. Paton illustrates ultimate hope and renewal at the end of the passage with the enjoyment of symbols of the sun and the titihoya tinkers damn. For example, Kumalo professes that when that dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret. (312). The dawn for Kumalo shows his son is freed from his life of sin and can now peacefully travel to the next world without worry. Not only is Absolam freed, Kumalo is free himself from the fear of his son further sinning and for his well being, as he is in Gods hands now. In addition, Kumalo says Yes, it is the d awn that has come. The titihoya wakes from sleep, and goes about his work of forlorn crying. (311). The bird the sun are intertwined, as the bird only wakes with the sun, and Kumalo and Absolams fate are forever connected no matter how far away they are from each other.Despite the grief Kumalo experiences, his usage of light and birds displays his acceptance of the future for himself and the end of his sons. Kumalos adaptation to a terrible event in his life displays his ability to be optimistic and not live in the past. Overall, Kumalo went through a series of emotions and feelings that at the time seemed impossible to cope with. And with Patons usage of tone, symbols, and repetition, he showed Kumalo was greatly in tune with nature and his spiritual self. His adaption to reality geared himself to serenity when he let destiny lead the way.

Did Marie Antoinette deserve her infamous reputation?

Marie Antoinette is one of Historys most infamous figures. History has her painted as flirtatious spend-thrift adulteress, who participated in many another(prenominal) promiscuous affairs and wasted an awful lot of money. However, beneath her depicted personality there is someone else entirely, a caring and devoted mother, but alike a brave and courageous woman.Marie Antoinette was born to the great Austrian empress Maria Theresa on November 2, 1755. She was never expected to be a Queen up to now, she was a souse in a plan of her Mothers which involved marrying all her female children off to rich noblemen from other countries, in order to strengthen Austrias alliances. She left home at the tender age of fourteen, to be married to Louis XVI of France. In the early stages of her reign, she was much adored by the people of France, for her willingness to interact with her people. However this love currently turned to hatred.She did alienate people in the French court, and often invi ted an exclusive group of friends to her property in Versailles, and people who werent included began to taunt the queen, with words that would be put into extremes in later years. She was rumoured and suspected to have had a few affairs with a number of men, particularly Count Fersen with whom she was close friends with. However, this was never proven with historical evidence.She in any case indulged in many luxuries such as fine jewellery, rich silks and elaborate clothing, in addition to gambling. Whilst many of her subjects were starving, hungry and bedraggled, she consistently worn-out(a) money, sometimes even money that she did not have. She was most famously recorded to have said Let them eat cake when told about the hungry peasants, begging for bread, however she did not say that, for it was actually said by a Spanish princess a hundred years antecedent. She similarly failed for many years to produce an replacement (through no fault of her own) and refused to tolerate th e sillier traditions and people in the court at Versailles.However, she wasnt all that the pamphlets claimed her to be. She was not harsh or cruel, for she was a devoted mother with a loving and caring nature. Secondly when the great mob of people stampeded into the palace, demanding her to be slain and slaughtered, she stood on the balcony with musket and loaded pistols pointing at her, and she just stood there, knowing that she could die at any second. Even when the revolt had come to murder her, they all lowered their weapons and shouted Long Live the Queen. She was very brave and influential.Thirdly, she never committed incest or abused her son, and this was almost definitely a lie by the revolt in order to make sure the jury was convinced of her death sentence. She was also very noble and not as self centred a s she is remember today for she had several opportunities to escape alone but refused to do so without her family. The affair of the necklace was also a set so as to fram e her again for doing something she didnt do.I believe that Marie Antoinette was a victim of bad timing. I also believe that she was used as a type of scapegoat, for at a time when everything was going wrong for France, the people longed for someone they could blame, and she seemed the perfect target. Most of the accusations make about her were either exaggerations or completely fake. Her reputation for infidelity and wastefulness was used by her enemies to infuriate the masses against the monarchy. It is not true that she was completely innocent, for she was an esurient gambler and spender, and this may have had some effect on the economic downturn of France in the 1700s, however I do not believe that she merited the degree of abuse and reputation that she received.

Foundation Course in Science and Technology

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE BaBUR The foundation of the empire was laid in 1526 by ahir al-Din Mu? ammad Babur, a Chagatai Turk (so called because his ancestral homeland, the field north of the Amu Darya Oxus River in Central Asia, was the heritage of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan). Babur was a fifth-generation descendant of Timur on the side of his father and a 14th-generation descendant of Genghis Khan. His idea of inhibit India was inspired, to begin with, by the story of the exploits of Timur, who had invaded the subcontinent in 1398.Babur inherited his fathers principality in Fergana at a young age, in 1494. Soon he was literally a fugitive, in the midst of both an internecine fight among the Timurids and a struggle between them and the rising Uzbeks over the erstwhile Timurid empire in the region. In 1504 he conquered Kabul and Ghazni. In 1511 he recaptured Samarkand, only to realize that, with the formidable ? afavid dynasty in Iran and the Uzbeks in Ce ntral Asia, he should rather turn to the south-east toward India to have an empire of his own. As a Timurid, Babur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timurs possession.He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. Conquest Of Hindustan Having secured the Punjab, Babur advanced toward Delhi, garnering support from many Delhi nobles. He routed two advance parties of Ibrahim Lodis troops and met the sultans main army at Panipat. The Afghans fought bravely, but they had never faced new artillery, and their frontal attack was no answer to Baburs superior collection of the battle line.Baburs knowledge of western and Central Asian war tactics and his brilliant leadership proved decisive in his victory. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. Babur, however, had yet to encounter any of the several Afghans who held important towns in what is now eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and who were backed by the sultan of Bengal in the east and the Rajputs on the southern borders. The Rajputs under Rana Sanga of Mewar threatened to revive their power in northern India. Babur assigned the unconquered territories to his nobles and led an expedition himself against the genus Rana in person.He crushed the ranas forces at Khanua, near Fatehpur Sikri (March 1527), once again by means of the skillful positioning of troops. Babur then continued his campaigns to quash the Rajputs of Chanderi. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghagra, near Varanasi. Babur won the battles, but the expedition there too, like the one on the southern borders, was left unfinished. Developments in Central Asia and Baburs failing health forced him to withdraw. He died near Lahore in December 1530. Baburs AchievementsBaburs plan tenure in Hindustan, spent in wars and in his preoccupation with northwest and Central Asia, did not give him enough time to consolidate fully his conquests in India. Still, discernible in his efforts are the beginnings of the Mughal imperial organization and political culture. He introduced some Central Asian administrative institutions and, significantly, tried to woo the prominent local anesthetic chiefs. He also established new mints in Lahore and Jaunpur and tried to ensure a safe and secure route from Agra to Kabul. He advised his son and successor, Humayun, to hook on a tolerant religious policy.

Online learning Essay

Online acquisition appliances are of great utility they are widely used in learning practice. securities industry offers a variety of solutions that differ in their level of sophistication and functions offered. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three available solutions and model their utilization in learning process, namely FlexTaining, Rollbook, and Moodle. The FlexTraining Total e-Learning Solution by National Training Systems is effective packet for e-learning management. Since online education is becoming increasingly more common and popular, e-learning management solutions feed gradually started to gain greater relevance.The bundle is utile and user-friendly, therefore it can be effectively used during the online learning phase. It provides for a possibility to in integrated assorted file formats, including Video, PowerPoint, Flash, and PDF it can be used to crate a truly multimedia environment. The solution has won recognition from leading educational institution s, major multinational companies, and governmental agencies alike. The software is powering e-learning for Duke University, Stanford University, Microsoft, Phillips, U. S. Department of Labor, U. S.Department of Air Force, and a host of other institutions and organizations. The tools offered by the FlexTraining Total e-Learning Solution include Visual Course constructor (allows creating classes), Assessment Tool (allows creating online tests), FlexAuthoring (allows developing course content), and Reporting and Analysis (allows tracking students performance). While near of the functions offered by the FlexTraining are available in other software solutions, its unique feature and most useful tool is, in my opinion, FlexAuthoring. It offers template-based authoring for creating lesson plans and course content.It is an invaluable tool for inexperienced teachers who need guidance in structuring their material. Another effective feature of the FlexTraining is pre- and post-assessment. It is useful as a monitoring tool that enables teachers to determine whether training needs have been fulfilled. It can further become the basis for teachers self-assessment and constant improvement. Availability of interactive exercises is also a useful feature of the FlexTraining. It compensates for lack of face-to-face contact with a teacher lack of such contact is oft cited as one of the biggest dis favours of distance education.In addition, the software offers opportunities for self-paced training, thus being accommodating students preferences for instructor-led or individual learning. Searchable document libraries make navigation easier both for teachers and students. either these functions can be of enormous use during the online learning phase and are enabling for students in their work in online environment. Rollbook by Intellum is usually used for corporate training, yet it has a number of unique features that can be of great utility in classroom settings.This software solution is rather simple as compared with other programs available on the market. Its unique features include a calendar (a personal schedule of events and authorized sessions), a branching group construction (a structure that allows forming smaller subgroups within large groups and customizing functions such as reports or mailing lists for these smaller groups), learning paths (a function that groups relevant courses into learning tracks) and design of course certificates. An remedial to the proprietary FlexTraining and Rollbook is the open source solution called Moodle.It offers most of the functions FlexTraining and Rollbook have (such as chat, forum, polls, concessions, quizzes, etc. ), yet it has several advantages. The strength of all open source technologies, unconnected from the apparent cost cutting, is the ability of different software developers to continuously improve and update solutions. Moodles focus is on interaction between teacher and students and especially among students. For instance, similar courses can be grouped together as a meta course, allowing students fro different yet related course to interact with each other.Moddle is also offend suited to accommodate multimedia students can upload multiple files in any format as one assignment (for instance, if a research sick consists of a text file, several images, and a video, this function is very handy). All the aforementioned resources enable students to use the Internet in an ethical, legal, and educational way. All these software packages, by virtue of their functional orientation, are empowering tools, since e-learning makes education more available and affordable for all.Their focus on continuous education is another significant advantage of online learning method. The FlexTraining software also allows teachers to check for plagiarism. All the documents uploaded to the system by students can be compared with Internet sources, sources from the Document Library, and previous wo rks submitted by the equivalent student or other students. This function gives teacher an opportunity to detect plagiarism immediately and take appropriate administrative action. Plagiarism is one of the most widespread and harmful examples of dishonest academic practices.Although this phenomenon is condemned by all educational institutions, plagiarism still pervades many spheres of education. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to ensure that students academic essays and papers are original. A student who engages in plagiarism deprives him/herself of the opportunity to benefit fully from the education s/he is undertaking. Since every assignment is designed in order to help students to gain deeper knowledge of a certain subject, evading independent research and analysis hinders the continuity and integrity of the education process. write the ideas of other people without proper acknowledgement is a practice that all teachers should try to eliminate completely. This is possible to do only with special software. Helping students to pull in and avoid plagiarism is the key to introducing them to Internet use following the principles of ethical, legal, and educational approaches. As concerns Moodle, its open source philosophy is the softwares added value together with better quality, it makes students reflect on the differences between proprietary and open source programs.Such a critical reflection on the role of the Internet in challenging the fundamentals of capitalism and empowering creative commons might make students more aware of the problems of Internet governance and ethical use of this powerful tool for the benefits of all and not only privileged few. Rollbook and Moodle have a closer focus on individual and peer-to-peer learning, as opposed to the FlexTrainings focus on instruction-led teaching and strict progress monitoring.Thus, Rollbook and Moodle are better suited to educate students about Internets ability to offer innumerable opportunities fo r individual and bodied learning. References Intellum, Inc. (2008). Hosted Learning Management System. Retrieved July 4, 2008, ffrom http//www. intellum. com/web2006/hosted_lms National Training Systems. (2008). FlexTraining Total E-Learning Software Solution. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//www. flextraining. com N/a. (N/d). Moodle. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//moodle. org

Children’s Language Development

tiddlerrens run-in gravelment and second diction encyclopaedism Sandra Morales Texas womans University Childrens wrangle phylogeny and second style acquisition The paper investigates how infantren rise up their cognitive and manner of speaking skills in a context that is mildewd by affable and biologic factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop their lyric poem at different stages and how those stages influence the reaping and ontogenesis of a second lyric. diction acquisition is one of the most of the essence(p) topics in cognitive culture. In the study of language development it is necessary to consider entirely the factors that affect cognitive development and their influence on child development. Many theorists investigate how children start language skills and how heredity, environs, culture, and biological facto rs influence language development (Meadows, 2006). Rationale It has been said that language is a characteristic that establishes a difference between animals and humans.It is the ability to pass with new(prenominal)s, transmit and flummox randomness ga on that pointd through symbols, gestures, facial expressions or other ways to express thoughts that others can watch what has been said (Jones, 1972). What is language? tally to Bochner (1997) language is a score of communication. It involves a system of signs and symbols that are consumption of goods and servicesd by a group of people to communicate. The symbols include but are not limited to pen symbols and sounds.The language may be diverse in different cultures in terms of how the symbols system is used, the titular properties of the language, and the way people use that language to communicate with others in the comparable culture. Every culture has its own language system. As a matter of fact all languages have four main components (Bochner, 1997) Pragmatics (use) describe to use the sounds, gestures, words, and body language. Meaning (semantics) understand the messages, represented in words, or written.Rules (syntax and morphology) use the grammatical system of the language, combine words to convey a meaning. Sounds be the words intelligible enough that others can understand them. Throughout this paper the author will discuss various theoretical perspectives associated with the language development of children at different stages of their development. Some scholars such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Chomsky have revealed common ideas between the language acquisition and the cognitive development that are being discussed in this paper.The project of this paper is to present the turn of how children develop their language through the lenses of those four theorists and their contributions in the primal(a) childhood field. In addition the reader will obtain information regarding how children scam and develop a second language and the implication during the development. The primary consideration nigh language development is immersed in a joust concerning the roots of language acquisition, and how people communicate their cerebration butt ones, feelings and ideas.According to Meadows (2006) language development involves different formes that include but are not limited to physical, emotional and cognitive development. Having an understanding of the differences between individuals, their experiences and their contact with other adults and significant ones, will help to understand how the language is developed. All this provides the opport kindly unities for growth and development in different areas that co-occurrence the life of the person. In relation to the development the contact and relation with others start influencing the baby in his returns womb.During the gestational time the fetus can hear the vocalisation of their mother, and other sounds (mu sic, etc), and after their affinity they can recognize the voice of others. In other words the larn process starts at early stages in child development. Literature Review Piaget Cognitive Constructivism Piagets main focus of constructivism has to do with the person and how they construct their knowledge. Piaget believed individuals must adapt to their environment, and develops as stops of the allowance process to the environment.According to Piaget, the individual needs to understand the information that they are receiving in coordinate to be able to use it they must construct their own knowledge (Powell, 2009). For Piaget, language development is internal mental processes controlled by developmental processes and is done individually, without the interventions of others (Agbenyega, 2009). As a result of mastering one stage, children will be ready to move, moderate, and develop according to the expectations of the next stage. In regards to language development Piaget sees lang uage as part of the cognitive development.How children think determines when and what the child can speak. In addition Piaget, states that childrens talking abilities emerge naturally without any full-dress teaching by adults, however more(prenominal) sophisticated vocabulary require formal education and experiences with the language. During early stages of the development according to Piaget, words are colligate to schemas of actions related to the child and those schemas will later be incorporated into exiting schemas that will sanction future let outing experiences. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, children go searching for what Piaget called balance or equilibration.Assimilation according to Piaget, is when the individual adds sensitive information into their schemas. Accommodation is when individuals change their schemas to understand new information into their knowledge. Piaget states that children learn to construct meaning about the new informatio n and through assimilating and accommodating that information into their schemas. During the equilibration the individual looks for information received that makes maven with previous information. When the children find that balance, they move again to a more comfortable stage where the information received makes sense.According to Piaget, children pass through different stages in their development going through these stages provides children with a constant acquisition of information that will increase and help to build new knowledge and understanding of previous information learned. The basic principle of assimilation refers to the ability of children to use what they already know to understand the world around them. In contrast accommodation refers to the process of changing mental structures to provide consistency with external reality. It occurs when existing schemas are modified for a ew experience. Both principles help children to develop and construct their thinking manik ins and use it according with their needs (Agbenyega, 2009). He believed that the mind does not respond to stimulus and consequences, but grows and change over different periods of time. In other words the intelligence agency appears progressively through the repetitions of activities that vary in each stage of the development. Piagets four stages of development Sensorimotor from 0 to two during this stage children discover the environment around them, using their senses and then acquiring the language.Preoperational from two to seven years grey-haired At this stage children develop language skills, however, they understand what they are construction but do not grasp totally what others have said. Here they distinguish pictures and other objects. Concrete operations from seven to eleven years old At this stage children use their logical reasoning about things. Formal operations from eleven to adulthood During this stage individuals use higher order thinking skills and abstraction s to solve problems. Piagets stages of development are all about how children learn at different ages through their development. found on the individual, all go through the same stages during their development. Social Constructivism Vygostsky and Bruner Social constructivism is based on the social interaction between the children with significant others, such as parents, caregivers, peers, and teachers. Vygotsky framework involves the social interactions and culture as part of the language development. He discussed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD controls what the children learn, also what he can learn and do when he is helped by others. According to Vygotsky the learning process is easier when others are involved.Children may be asked to perform a task, students have some meaning of the task they need to complete, however, they may have difficult to do it. further with the adequate countenance to complete the task they will do it. Bruners theory of constructivism discussed the idea of learning as an active process where the learners are able to form new ideas based on their current and past knowledge. Jerome Bruner emphasized the importance of social interactions and explained that children develop language based on their contact with others as a result of educational processes (Bruner, 1960).He discussed scaffolding and how the construction of knowledge is based on their existing knowledge acquired during previous development. Scaffolding refers to the knowledge of previous skills that provide support for the acquisition of new learning experiences. Bruner and Vygostky believed that learning processes are tied to this concept, and facilitate a students ability to build on prior knowledge. For these theorists, the influence of experiences is a basic ingredient in the language development. Chomsky naturalistic approachChomsky argues that language is a unique human ability. He discussed the innate abilities of children to learn the language. A s a result, all children go through the same process to learn a language (Stark, 2008). He discussed the language acquisition device (LAD) that allows children to produce in reproducible ways the use of their commencement language. In this framework, all languages use nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other grammar rules. In addition, Chomsky established that children learn language through means other than delusive they do not always imitate mistakes made by others.Chomsky maintains that it is necessary to have formal instruction in the proper use of language and grammar (Stark, 2008). Child language development When we speak about the communication process, we speak about the ability to receive and transfer information that other people can understand and mean something to others. Verbal and nonverbal forms are expressions that enhance the communication with others. The process of language development would be described as a continuous process that gradually changes during the indivi dual development. As soon as after birth a process of communication contracts.Infants try to communicate with adults using sounds, cooing. Those sounds are an important step on the road of language development, leading to a future stage where children are able to use the language to communicate in heterogeneous ways such as using words and sentences to express their thoughts. Language development includes understanding and communication skills based on words, spoken and written forms. According to Meadows (2006) different theoretical models such as Chomsky stated that language is innate and just with minimal exposure the child could develop their home language.The exposition to language pattern gives them the basic knowledge to learn the maternal tongue. The character versus nurture perspective supports the point that when the child is exposed to a language, they will learn the patterns for that language naturally. In other words exposing a child to a language pattern will allow t hem to learn that language. However, the exposure to another language other than maternal tongue on a regular basis will provide with the pattern in that second language that the children will eventually learn, collectable to his exposition to the patterns and sound of that other language.Studies conducted by Macilla (2011) reveals that the frequency of the exposure to a second language and the consistency will influence how well the children will learn and perform using the second language. From birth the children are preparing for speech as a way to communicate with others. They are developing their physiological and cognitive structures to learn how to talk. Children pass through different stages to prepare the pharynx and larynx to produce those sounds, related to a pattern of their language.The native language of the child does not matter. They all move through the same stages using vowels and consonants to produce sounds that seem like words for the adults. The adults assign the meaning to the first sound that the babies produce. However, at the beginning there are just random patterns, babbling that later during the development will continue into repeating the letter combination until the children learn a way to communicate using those patterns previously learned. All children are born with an innate ability to communicate (Chomsky 2006).As children grow language becomes an important tool to establish and maintain relationships with others. The nature of language includes the use of words, sentences and other grammar rules. It is important to understand the relationship between cognition and language development, in the context of prior knowledge and how experiences influence development (Wegerif, 2011). According to Bochner (1997) children move through these stages in learning to talk Stage 1 Preliminary skills Looking together, imitation, playing.Stage 2 Pre-verbal skills Performatives (broom, quack) Stage 3 First words dog car mum Stage 4 Early s entences daddys car dog gone Stage 5 Extending meaning adding English morphemes, such as plurals Jones (1972) describes the stages in the development of speech as follows Crying period At birth, a newborns crying is the first vocal response to the environment around them. song play period Around the second month, infants begin to make different sounds. This production of sounds is an important step in the childs language development.A configuration of sounds may be heard in any language, but from the phonetic elements of babbling, the language that the child hears is the language that he or she eventually will use as their first language. Eventually, they will learn and master the grammar rules of that language. Sound imitation period This period has two phases. The first phase begins around the six months and is initiated by the childs certainness of sounds he produces. Because he likes what is being heard, he continues the repetition of those sounds. In the second phase, t he child imitates sounds that he heard from others, echolalia. This stage begins about the ninth month. The first sounds that the child imitates are those which are familiar, mostly coming from parents or caregivers. At this stage is when language development makes its formal appearance. The child comprehends artless words, specific vocalizations that have meaning for parents and caregivers. Language acquisition period Begins about the last month of the first year. At this stage begins the conventional sound pattern or close to one. The child says the first words in their native language. The child understands and responds appropriately to others verbally.Between thirteen to eighteen months there is a slow growth of vocabulary. A language is based on grammatical structure, and that structure rests on rules that determine how to express thoughts. The three major components of language are phonology (study of the smallest unit of speech called phonemes), syntax (refers to the rules to form sentences), and semantic (the meaning of words and sentences). Every language has its own particularities however, every language has the same components, in which people learn how to communicate based on the structure of their own language.To summarize how oral language is acquired, it is important to mention that the child moves through different stages during their development, in order to acquire the language and skills to be successful. Infants listen and very early begin to communicate their needs through the use of sounds and gestures. Toddlers use the language using open sentences and asking questions. Young pre initiateers used complete sentences to communicate. Theorists in language development discussed that a child produces sounds as a form to communicate with others.Those sounds come from his or her adaptation to the environment around them and as a consequence of the reinforcement by others during the learning and developmental processes. According to Beller ( 2008) the reinforcement occurs primarily when the child hears the sounds and considers those engaging sounds. When those sounds are imitated by the child and he or she is rewarded in any way that produce satisfaction, the act of repetition begins, and eventually those sound combinations and repetitions open the brink for a more sophisticated way of communication until the proper use of language appears.Learning a second language How children develop a second language has been a topic of interest since 1940 (Beller, 2008). Theorists discussed that learning a new language requires the use of existing structures that are supported by the first language. Language is a symbol for a social group. In many countries, people learn more than one language is associated with political issues. In many countries it is related to the level of education. To be considered educated in Europe, people have to know at least two languages. In the United States the second language is more related to imm igrant issues.Many children who come from immigrant families learn their parents language and English as a second language. In future generations English will become their first language. During the early stages of the development of the mother tongue is necessary. It is considered part of the intellectual ability, is the individuals first contact with language from birth, and supports emotional and cognitive development. Through the development the child learns the structure of his or her first language and that helps them to come up with his or her dateations of the events around them.To master a second language according to Noormohamadi (2008) a child has to master his or her mother tongue. If the child does not master the first language, that will make the process of learning another language more difficult. When the first language is learned and the child has a total command of the language, the process of learning another language will be supported by the first language, and a ll the concepts and learning can be transferred to the second language. The environment around the child has great influence on the childs vocabulary, skills, and general understanding of the language.According to Vygotsky, social interactions between children and adults influence the acquisition of any language. Another aspect to consider during the childs language development is the concept of nurturing. This concept is totally related to the social interactions. Nurturing diddle up the issue of the relationship between the child and other adults. Children who are attached to their families are more likely to communicate for longer periods, and this helps their communication and language development.The amount of time children spend talking to others will improve their language skills. It is important to mention that each culture has standards of conversations between children and adults. Many cultures such as western cultures see children as conversational partners, promoting th e verbal development of the child. Other cultures such as Hispanic culture do not discuss events or problems with their children. In these cultures children are not allowed to be active participants in adult conversations.Variations in social-cultural beliefs are aspects to consider in the development of a second language Oades-Sese (2011). The influence and relationship with others, within the same cultural values and language is significant and will add positive reinforcement to how the child learns and develops through his life. Based on Piagets theory children learn and develop by organizing their experiences into schemas that helps them to understand the world around them. Those schemes are related to two important concepts in Piagets theory, adaptation and assimilation.During development children assimilate new information into the schemas that they already have, accommodating the new information into their mental structures. This process continues until the children learn the new information and come into a stage of equilibrium. For those children who are learning a second language the knowledge of their first language helps them in the acquisition of the second. All languages have their structure structured by sounds, letters, grammar rules, and other factors that help the learner to acquire the language.The structure of each language contains variations such as alphabet, pronunciation, specific rules based on that language, but in general the similarities in structure facilitate the acquisition of the second language because using the knowledge in the first language helps make connections with the second language. whence the learning process is easier for the child. Conclusion The combination of the theories presented in this paper provides the author a new perspective regarding language acquisition and development in early childhood.Each theory supports Piaget, Vygotsky, and Chomsky frameworks based on observations and their studies on how children develop the language. However, each theory can blend to show how a child develops language and which methods can be used in order to reinforce the acquisition and retention of the first and second language. Each theory discussed helps to explain the process of language development, from Piagets cognitive constructivism which emphasizes a childs ability to reason and construct his or her own knowledge, based on the individual experience, to Vygostkys social influences and interactions to Chomskys nativism approach.All of these theories interpret language development differently. However, of all theories discussed throughout this paper it is the authors belief that social interactions are the most helpful approach to understand how children develop language. Biological and environmental factors are necessary in order for a child to learn the language and develop the language. Moreover, the childs interaction with others influences the acquisition of the language. It is important for the child to interact with others in order to learn the pattern of the language.Language development is a long process influenced by biological, family, and environmental factors that contribute the growth of the child in all aspects of their development including of course, the language acquisition. In order to learn another language, researchers such as Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Chomsky discussed the importance of learning and mastering the mother tongue. It is necessary to learn the grammar rules of the first language to use that knowledge to transfer the concepts learned into the second language. However, is a long learning process that starts after birth and continues through the child development.According to Mancilla-Martinez (2011) who stated that children need to continue having formal instruction in order to develops proficiency in the first language and have formal instruction in the second language. For some immigrants children born in a foreign country or even those who were born in the United States to immigrant parents, school is the first formal exposure to English language. This group will eventually come a large portion of the society needs the support of formal instruction to learn and develops the proficiency on the second language.To become proficient in the English language does not require parents use of English at home however, to develop proficiency in the first language the instructional support and use of the language at home is necessary. It is necessary to be aware of the increments of this population and the particularities of each culture in order to support the language development (Mancilla Martinez, 2011). Many factors are associated with language development most of them are associated when children begin attending primary grade levels, this is when the use of more sophisticated vocabulary is introduced.The students need to learn the higher level of language in order to become proficient in the second language. Even learn ing the mother tongue, children need to learn more scholarly vocabulary and grammar rules appropriate for their age and to understand these when they take care them in textbooks. When children come from homes in which a language other than English is used lead the proficiency in that language. Understanding the patterns of the first language is inwrought to developing effective programs to facilitate the study and acquisition of a second language.This fact is applicable for all levels of study of second languages. Therefore the educational systems should support the study and application of this in the teaching of second language. Mastery of the first language is a vital factor in the progress to study and acquire fluency in other languages. Its acquisition is a basis and support for all other languages studied throughout ones lifetime. References Agbenyega, J. (2009). The australian early development Index, who does it stones throw Piaget or Vygotskys child? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 34(2), 31-38.Beller, S. (2008). Fostering language acquisition in daycare settings. Early Childhood Development. 49, 1-52. Bloom, L. , Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. US. Bochner, S. , Price, P Jones, J. (1997). Child language development. Lerning to talk. London England. Chomsky, N. (2006). In Chomsky. Info. Retrieved February 9, 2011, Chomsky. Info Online http//www. chomsky. info/ Chosmky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(1), 1-22. Feldman, R. S. (2010). Essentials of Understanding Psychology. 9th strain Greene, M. 1960). Learning to talk. A parents guide to the first five years. US. NY. Jones, M. and Guidon, A. (1972). Language development. They key to learning. US. Mancilla-Martinez, J. and Lesaux, N. (2011). Early home language use and later vocabulary development. Journal of educational Psychology, 103(3), 535-546. Meadows, S. (2006). The Child as Thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood ( 2nd ed. ). NY Routledge. Noormohamadi, R. (2008). Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development. Journal Pan-Pacific employ Linguistics, 12(2), 25-36.Oades-Sese, G. Li, Y. (2011). Attachment relationship as predictors of language skill for at-risk bilingual preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 707-722. doi 10. 1002/pits. 20583. Piaget, J. (1928). The childs conception of the world. London Routledge and Kegan Paul. Powell, K. ,, and Kalina, C. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-250. Wegerif R. (2011). Towards a Dialogic Theory of How Children Learn to Think. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(3), 179190.

Race and Crime Essay

Are minorities continually creation unfairly arrested, tried and punished as a result of racial secretion or do minorities just gift more crimes? In order to de barrierine if discrepancy or variation is the take in of current over representation of minorities in the criminal nicety system we have to study persist, ethnicity and early(prenominal) discriminatory judicial practices. Are the historical discriminatory practices and past laws the cause of the systematic imbalance of power in relation to race, class and discrimination within our alliance that leads to more crime among minorities today? in that take note are numerous theories on why, how and even if race discrimination plays a significant role in explaining the current arrest and incarceration rank of minorities in the United States. Social variation theory, because it also involves the nearly restriction to important accessible aspects of society is the one I most agree with. In my roll in the hay restric ted access to social and cultural capital is the cause for higher than expected crime rates among our citizens who lack these two important aspects of crime control.The inability to strike achiever found on societies rendering causes stain and alternative sorts of thinking to achieve that level of success, which is sometimes outside the confines of the law. The term race has traditionally referred to the biological differences of mankind. The differences that distinguish us by the color of our skin, hair texture and certain(prenominal) physical features determine what race we are. Some experts contend that race is just a social retrace and people are classified and labeled by the culturally dominant group in that society.This showcase of classification system tends to imply that one race is inferior to another (Walker et al pg 6). The term nonage is used for any race that is slight in numbers than the race in power. Currently in the United States the majority is considered to be Caucasian and the minorities are African Americans, Hispanics, Arab Americans, etc. There have been many historical examples of minorities being unfairly treated within the confines of our judicial system. Race discrimination and social and economical inequality have a direct impact on crime and criminal justice (Walker et al, pg 78).In the southern states during the 1800s barriers were created in the laws to separate nonwhite persons from the majority, white persons called the Black Codes. These codes created a jural thread of separation stating where blacks could and could not go in public, what land they could own and how they could earn a nutrition. The term, Color stock encompassed everything involving what water fountains and bathrooms coloreds could use and where they could stand or sit in public spaces.The Jim Crow laws of the 1900 were also antiblack laws and actions that deprived African Americans civil rights, claiming blacks were inferior to the whites and wer e lower class people. The colored sign was the most gross mark of inferiority imposed upon African Americans by the Jim Crow laws (Davis PhD). The punishment for breaking these laws and codes were mob lynching, share prison time on chain gangs and debilitating debt imposed by sharecropping attempts to make a living (Davis PhD). Previous laws and codes set the stage for economic inequality of minorities in the United States.Income, wealth, unemployment are the standard total of economic inequality. All of these measures indicate deep and persistent inequality in society generally and with respect to race and ethnicity (Walker et al pg, 79). In order to determine if race discrimination has the major contributor to nonage over representation in the criminal justice system we must rule out the appraisal of contrariety being the cause of overrepresentation. The concept of disparity in the criminal justice system refers to differences in say incarceration rates of a certain race but not because of systematic race discrimination.Disparity is a way to explain the high numbers of minorities as criminal perpetrators with legitimate factors. These factors could include, minorities commit more crimes, not because police officers, judges and juries are racists. Crime arrest and convictions could be solely based on wakeless factors. These judicial factors include the seriousness of offense, mitigating circumstances and previous criminal records. These factors opposed to nonlegal factors that include race, class, gender and flavourstyle (Walker et al, pg 18).If arrest and conviction rates were based solely on legal factors with no weight given to extralegal factors, a high minority count would be considered disparity not systematic discrimination on part of the criminal justice system. To determine if only legal factors and not extralegal factors are the cause of an overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system much more research needs to be conduct ed. If the cause of high incarceration rates is because of disparity instead of discrimination there is one theory I feel explains why there is disparity.The Social Strain possibleness explains the causes of disparity among minorities that leads to higher rates of arrests and incarceration rates. Robert Mertons social stain theory holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them (Walker et al, pg 92). If success in life is measured by your social status, involving what you own, where you live and who you know then that is your personal goals for success. The ways to achieve this success are seen as hard work, education, self-control and as mortal achievements (Walker et al, pg 92).If the American dream is not cognise by a group of people because of societies inability to provide equal levels of educational and work opportunities to achieve success it results in what Mertons calls social strain. Mertons theory of social s train addresses the gap between what society views as success and a persons circumstances are for trying to achieve that success. (Walker et al, pg 92). Social strain helps to explain high rates of criminal activity among minorities because minorities are more likely to be denied legal opportunities to obtain the American dream by legal means.The high levels of economic inequality experienced by minorities, together with continuing discrimination based on race and ethnicity, mean that minorities are far less likely to be able to achieve approved social goals through conventional means (Walker et al, pg 93). In conclusion I believe minorities do commit more crimes today, but that is because of a history of discrimination and blocked opportunities to achieve social and cultural capital. The ruling class, the majority, because of past-institutionalized and systematic discrimination has created what we have today, a disparity among minorities involved in our criminal justice system.Ther efore even though we have curbed contextual and individual acts of discrimination we have yet to address past discrimination in a meaningful way while still upholding the law. Bibliography Davis, Ronald L. F. Ph. D. California State University, Northridge. Creating Jim Crow. History of Jim Crow retrieved on June 2, 2011 from http//jimcrowhistory. org/history/creating. htm Lafree, G. & Russell, K. K. (1993). The argument for canvass race and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 4, 273-289. Walker, S, Spohn, C, & DeLone, M. (2007). The Color of Justice Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Ibn Sina/Avicenna

Ibn Sinas ren casing brought him the title the leading eminent scholar (al-Shayk al Rais). Discuss the signifi put forwardce of his philosophical intellects with special focus on his distinction amongst his sum and origination, and its power in his proof for matinee idol as the prerequisite existent. Ibn Sina, or ibn-Sina, born 980 AD, was a leading polymath of umpteen subjects many of his theories argon still ren possessed today 240 of (approximately) 450 works toilette authentically be attributed to him, alter to mainly medicine and philosophy, but also astronomy, physics, psychology, geology and even poetry. A devout Muslim and child prodigy, he had memorised the Quran by the age of ten, and quickly surpassed his teachers of the Hanafi Sunni school, and by the age of 16 was fully learned in the sciences of his time.After analyse medicine, he turned his attention to physics and metaphysics, reading Aristotles Metaphysics forty times, until he had memorised it, merel y he could non grasp its meaning until reading al-Farabis commentary which enlightened his problems of understanding. He began writing his own discourse on this government issue and many early(a)s on his travels to Isfahan whilst working as a physician to Kings and other important figures, gaining prestige in medical matters and his knowledge of philosophy, theology and metaphysics was widely recognised.Even after his death in 1038 AD, his works throw off continued to influence philosophical and medical thought his canon of medicine served as the highest medical authority for 600 years, and the translation of kitab al-Shifa (Book of Healing) into Latin served as the starting point for many other reputable thinkers, such(prenominal) as Aquinas, and this discourse will be further looked at here.Avicenna is considered the most famous and powerful of the philosopher-scientists of the Muslim world There are many other Islamic philosophers that have attempted to portion out metaph ysics, but Ibn Sinas works al mavin systematically and consistently focus on both ontological and cosmological arguments that are not self-contradictory and address the underlying issue of reconciling the Islamic trustfulness with philosophy. Before Avicenna, falsafa (Arabic Aristotelian and Neoplatonic philosophy) and kalam (Islamic doctrinal theology) were distinct strands of thought, even though a good deal of cross-fertilisation took place between them.After Avicenna, by contrast, the two strands fused together and post-Avicennan kalam emerged as a truly Islamic philosophy, a synthesis of Avicennas metaphysics and Muslim philosophical system. This is the primary debate for his lasting prestige his ideas in the Book of Healing concentrated not on medicine, but on the healing of the soul and body, and held two key fundamental ideas the distinction between essence and creative activity, and God as the prerequisite existent, a doctrine that has previously not been merged suc cessfully.The doctrine of a subject (shay) proved difficult to define for the Mutazilis, as although they differentiated that a thing can either be existent or non-existent they struggled to define where the non-existent entities lay. utilise the Quranic verse of creation our statement to a thing, when we wish it to be, consist merely in our conjectureing Be and then it is. (The sanctum sanctorum Quran 1640), we can identify that nearthing can exist in mentality before it exists in actuality God thought of a thing then willed it into universe by saying be and it was. This shows that the idea of the thing existed before its reality, meaning that the Mutazilis were able to conceive of the thingness of contingent entities, and their universality (of thingness) can either exist in reality or in mentality. They could not address the idea of non-existent things, (madum) such as a square circle, as their impossibility cannot even exist in the mind. This idea opposes the Sunni the ological perspective, where they brook that thingness and existence are wiz and the same.They hold the idea of co-extensiveness (where all things are existents, and all existents are things) as they believe that this idea solves the problem of creatio ex nihilo they did not want to give any flexibility to the idea that things existed before creation, or held eternality alongside God. They held that a thing was the sum of all its predicates, hotshot of which was existence a thing could not be without it existing. However, this poses problems for the existence of things that can only occur in the mind, for example, a unicorn.There is a split in Sunni philosophy where some believe that a thing can either be considered as extra-mentally existent, (and so exist just as much as they would in actuality) or some believe a thing that only exists in the mind simply does not exist whatsoever. This is problematic, as we can all conceive of a unicorn, despite its non-reality, (therefore it ca nnot simply not exist at all), yet we cannot think of a unicorn existing in the mind on the same level as our own existence. Ibn Sina buy the farms upon al-Farabis identification that thing and existence cannot be used as the same copula you cannot ubstitute thing for exists in a sentence in a way that can make sense for example, one can easily identify that the statement Zayd exists as a man to be appropriate, but one cannot say Zayd thing as a man, as it is nonsensical. Therefore, Ibn Sina concludes that there is a distinction between thing and existence, and also makes the distinction between existents and non-existents. For Avicenna, there are four kinds of scientific researchs. 1) integrity is a interrogative mood about the existence or non-existence of things. 2) Another is about the whatness of things. 3) And other is about the whichness or thatness of things. ) Also, there is the question about the cause of things. His distinction between essence and existence not only addresses the problem of the Sunni theologians, but, in his mind, satisfies what a thing is, and that its existence is not a predicate of thingness, and this argument can prove the existence of God as necessary. For Ibn Sina, existence adds to an essence specific determination external to the essence of a thing existence adds to essence, an essence can be without existing, for example, the demonstration of the unicorn its essence is separate from its existence as we can conceive of it without its actuality.He further explains this with categorising the necessary (wajib) and the viable/contingent (mumkir). Avicenna makes three distinctions concrete existent, a mental existent and that which is neither of these two. A concrete existent is that which adds existence to its essence that is to say that it, as an essence, also has existence. A mental existent is that which has essence, but not existence (such as a unicorn it has essence because we can think of it).That which is neither is that which is logically impossible to exist even in the mind, such as a square circle as it is impossible to conceive of such a thing, this does not even have essence. This solves the problem faced by Sunni philosophers, as it highlights the difference between mental essences without existence and concrete essences with existence. Avicenna continues to demonstrate three further aspects of essences necessary, possible or impossible. Those that are impossible are those that it is illogical to think about, such as square circles, and as we have already shown, these do not have essence OR existence.That which is necessary is so because its very essence implies existence its self-renunciation would involve a contradiction, (which we will further explain later). The possible is that which has essence that has potential to exist it can either exist, or not exist. This is what contingent organisms are categorised as they have the potentiality to exist, with the cause of another it cann ot exist through itself, as otherwise it would be necessary, and it cannot not exist, as otherwise it would be impossible. Once actualised (through another), concrete existence is added to the essence.Avicenna would argue that mental essences are not concrete existents because they have not been brought into existence by another, so remain as potential essences that could exist, but do not in actuality. So far then, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina made the distinction of essences between that which cannot exist, that what can exist if brought into being by another, and that which exists through its own definition of its essence. When a possible essence is actualised through another, and becomes a concrete existent, it becomes necessary through another it must be caused by a cause external to itself.This in turn, must also be caused by another previous external cause, and so on. However, these causes cannot continue ad infinitum- there must be an external cause that itself i s not caused by any other being external to itself, that is to say, that the cause is contained within itself, what Avicenna calls necessary through itself. There cannot be an infinite fixation of causes, but must be one cause that can sustain and contain all possible causes, but itself need not be caused, as its essence itself contains existence, the Necessary Existent God.So then, we have tackled the question previously posed of the existence or non-existence of things, what they are (possible/necessary), and the thatness (whether it is necessary through another or itself) in turn answering the fourth question set out by Ibn Sina of the cause of things. Proof of Gods existence from this argument stems from the cosmological argument an idea from Aristotle that there must be a First Cause in order to bring about the causes that cause others.However, Ibn Sina improves this argument by recognising that what something is differs from the particular that it is. Ibn Sinas way of makin g his point is to say that esse fact of a things existence is an accidental property of things that is a graphic symbol it may or may not possess, without changing what it is Previously, philosophers such as Aristotle had only considered the nature of things, alternatively than setting them apart from their physical realisation. The distinction Avicenna makes between physical and mental existence is one that Aristotle had trouble in combatting. The most important text of this kind is Avicennas al-Shifa? (The Healing, namely from ignorance). The title was wrongly (but aptly) translated into Latin as Sufficientia, as if Avicennas single comprehensive work was a sufficient replacement for the several books of Aristotle This distinction was so important that every philosopher after Ibn Sina had to respond the question was now apparent that there must be primacy of either essence or existence, as he had distinguished that they were not one and the same.Debate has followed Ibn Sinas a rgument, that has mainly taken two paths Suhrawardi decides that essence is prior to existence, whereas Ibn Arabi believes that only existence is real and essences are how existence presents itself to us. Thus, it has been demonstrated that Ibn Sina was successful in using an argument from reason that signifies God as the one creator, First to cause others, from which we could not possibly exist if it were not for His necessary existence through Himself.This was so profound for his time, as it had only been remarked that there previously lay a difference between the necessary and possible. Avicennas distinction between through itself and through another led to the reconciliation of Islamic thought and philosophical reason there lies no contradiction between our own existence as concrete and Gods existence as wholly other, beyond our conception of contingent.This argument was so influential on both later thinkers due to his ability to draw upon early philosophical ideas and his faith brought together Aristotelian and neo-Platonic philosophy and Islamic theology in a way that made the distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge logically acknowledging that the first cause as a necessary existent can only be a monotheistic God, as all predicates, including that of existence are perfectly contained within the very definition of His essence.This theory is reconcilable with Islamic thought as it signals disenchantment with neo-Platonic thought, developing a more personal philosophy that argues for our own necessary existence (through another), whilst still acknowledging that God is unattainably necessary through Himself. Ibn Sina envisaged a world resting on two pillars a) Greek philosophy and b) Quranic revelation and the virtues of manIbn Sina was a highly spiritual and ethical person, considering that, for him, teaching and learn should lead also to rooting in faith deeply in the soul of the single(a). This meant that each individual had meaning for their own life, which they could relate back to God, personally having their own cause rooted in the churchman Necessary Existent. Bibliography * Avicenna Farhang Zabeeh, ( Ed. Trans. ) Avicennas Treatise on Logic Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise philosophic Encyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) * Charles Burnett, Arabic into Latin the reception of Arabic philosophy into western Europe in The Cambridge associate to Arabic philosophy, ed.Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy commandment Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, Brazos Press, 2005) * Robert Wisnovsky, Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition in The Cambridge colleague to Arabic Philosophy, ed. Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) * Sebastian Gunther, Be Masters in That You Teach and proceed to Learn mediaeval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 0, none 3, (August 2006) Article inside 10. 1086/503881 Web Resources * Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. Avicenna, accessed December 11, 2011, http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna * http//quran. com/ accessed 15/12/11 1 . Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. Avicenna, accessed December 11, 2011, http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna. 2 . Robert Wisnovsky, Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, ed.Peter Adamson and Richard C Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) p. 92 3 . The Holy Quran 1640 as cited from http//quran. com/16/40 (Sahih International Translation) accessed on 15/12/11 4 . Robert Wisnovsky, Avicenna and the Avicennan Tradition in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy pp. 106-107 5 . Avicenna & Farhang Zabeeh (Ed. Trans. ) Avicennas Treatise on Logic Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (a Concise PhilosophicalEn cyclopaedia and autobiography) (Martinus Nijoff, the Hague, 1971) p. 5 6 . F. C. Bauerschmidt, Holy Teaching Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas (Michigan, Brazos Press, 2005) p. 57 7 . Charles Burnett, Arabic into Latin the reception of Arabic philosophy into Western Europe in The Cambridge Companion to Arabic philosophy, p. 371 8 . Sebastian Gunther, Be Masters in That You Teach and Continue to Learn Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational theory in Comparative Education Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, (August 2006) pp. 376 377 Article DOI 10. 1086/503881

Animal Behaviour Essay

Animals and their behaviour has been fascinating to behold and even more incredible to experience. Humans start been intrigued at how the most basic creatures idler do the most complex things. Ethology or the scientific meditate of animal behaviour is responsible for numerous breakthroughs in the under patroniseing of the animal world, and in turn the merciful one. Animal behaviour can range from being altruistic, to funny, to being lessons in teamwork and commitment. Dolphins have been observed to financial aid sick or injured animals, swimming under them for hours at a time and pulling them to the show up so they can breathe.Male emperor penguins form a huddle during the cold and dark overwinter months where from tens to thousands of penguins lean on each other and gradually shift positions to obtain maximum warmth from the gist of the huddle. Geese fly in a V formation as a flock to increase course efficiency by 71% compared to one goose flying alone. Malaysian ants blow themselves up into a thousand bits of organic dust if they sense a threat to their colony. Elephants are known to mourn their dead.They stand around the body for days and pay respects to the dead elephant by touching their trunks to its body. many animals, from earthworms to apes, are capable of learned behavior. They can alter their instinctive behavior by drawing on past experiences. With the assistance of technology, today scientists are able to find out much more near animal behaviour and the ways animals interact. If scientists in the Smithsonian can teach orangutans simple language using computers they can also find out if other animals think like humans.The knowledge they gain will help save wildlife and prevent endangered species from disappearing. So lets hear it for the creepies and crawlies, the slimies and furries who have successfully learnt to settle and protect territories, find food and water, court, mate, reproduce, nurture their young, and play in a mind-bogglin g array of conditions utmost beyond our fragile human capacity. God gave unto the animals wisdom past our power to see Each knows innately how to live. Which we must learn laboriously.

Notes Apush Chapter 16 a People and a Nation

Chapter 16 reconstructive memory An Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 I. Introduction The end of the Civil War brought profound changes to the United States. Reconstruction changed some things, besides it did midget regarding social equality and political turmoil. In the end, the government established melanize suffrage, but this straighten proved insufficient to remake the siemens or to guarantee human matures. II. Wartime Reconstruction A. Lincolns 10 Percent Plan Lincoln planned for a swift and moderate Reconstruction process.Under his 10 Percent Plan, he proposed that as soon as 10 percent of the voting population in the 1860 election took an oath and established a government, it would be recognized. Replaced majority with loyal rule, promised pardons to ex-confeds B. congress and the Wade-Davis Bill intercourse was not happy Lincoln didnt consult them. Responding negatively to Lincolns Reconstruction plan, Thaddeus Stevens advocated a conquered province theory, the fed eration waged nominate of war as a foreign nation, thus, they should be treated like one, and Charles Sumner advanced a state suicide theory.In July 1864, carnal knowledge passed the Wade-Davis bill by which the process of re admittance to the Union was to be pugnacious and slow. Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill. Wade-David Bill- To reenter the Union 1. A majority of white males had to participate in government 2. To vote or be a delegate in Constitutional conventions they had to take an ironclad (oath saying they never choke off up the alliance) 3. All ranks above Lieutenant couldnt become citizens of the United States C. Thirteenth Amendment and the Freedmens Bureau Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865.On March 3, 1865, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to aid gray refugees- provided food, medical services, schooling, and jobs for refugees. Petitions were started by women and the public, the amendment outlawed inv oluntary slavery and said the govnt couldnt change it The landscape was in ruins along with the economy, many families faced starvation III. The Meanings of Freedom A. The Feel of Freedom Many cause slaves began to explore immunity by searching for family members or exercising their right of mobility. Others reacted more cautiously.Most settled as workers on their former farms or plantation but attempted to control the corrects of their labor. B. Reunion of African American Families Relying on the bare community in the South, thousands of former slaves began odysseys to find family members. Ads were put in the papers. C. dours Search for Independence Many fatefuls well-tried to avoid contact with overbearing whites by abandoning their slave quarters and relocating their houses. Some even established all-black settlements. They treasured the sense of freedom D. African Americans Desire for LandNext to freedom, blacks valued land most of all. Since they could not secure signi ficant support in the North, however, few obtained their dream of independence. coloreds were given land but President Johnson took it away and gave it back to the Whites. They wanted a secure promise the land would still be theirs after they cultivated it E. The Black Embrace of Education Many African Americans eagerly sought an education. They paid $1-1. 50 a calendar month for education if needed. They really wanted to learn. Federal aid and northern charity helped start thousands of schools for freedmen in the South.Many black leaders were very well educated they established many universities and colleges alongside the whites. F. Growth of Black Churches In an effort to gain more independence from whites, African Americans established their own churches, which became the social center of their pertly freedom. Black establishments utilise to be hidden now they could freely worship. The church was the wealthiest institution in Black life. G. Rise of the Sharecropping System Bla cks could not get credit, and sharecropping became widespread.Sharecropping was where the landowner would receive payment by the crop braggart(a) on their land, usually half would be given to them and the other(a) half would be for the black farmer. Owners a lot cheated their tenants. The main crop was cotton which lost its value IV. Johnsons Reconstruction Plan A. Who Was Andrew Johnson? Johnson was the only senator from a seceded state (Tennessee) who refused to follow his state out of the Union. At heart he was really a Jacksonian Democrat, not a republican. He believed in limited government and was a white supremacist. As a senator he favored the small farmers over the aristocrats. B.Johnsons Leniency and Racial Views Johnsons belief that black suffrage could never be imposed on a Confederate state by the federal government put him on a collision course with the Radical Republicans. C. Johnsons Pardon policy Johnson hoped to keep prewar leaders from participating in the Re constructed South. Nevertheless, he ended up pardoning most of them and thus restored the white-haired elite. People had to apply directly to Johnson for pardoning. He appointed his own governors to keep the old ones out of power. Only southerners who took the oath of loyalty could vote for or against reconstruction so there was little opposition in the votes.Unpardoned men and former slave couldnt vote. Many former elites were returned into power, even the VP of the confederacy D. Black Codes Johnsons pardons upset many Republicans, but the discriminatory black codes revealed the depth of southern defiance. Blacks had to conduct by the rules of their landowners, almost returning them to their slave status. V. The Congressional Reconstruction Plan Congress had the power of admission of states. They believed they had the right to change and alter the reconstruction plans. What was the relationship between the South and Union now that the war happened?Conservatives believed that the South was conquered and it was subject to the rule of the conquering country. A. The Radicals The Radicals wanted to transform the South, and they were willing to exclude it from the Union until they had achieved their goal. By refusing to work with conservative and moderate Republicans, Johnson and the Democrats forced them to work with the Radicals. B. Congress Wrests Control from Johnson Congress worked to extend the Freedmens Bureau and to pass a civil rights law counteracting the black codes. Johnson vetoed these bills, final stage hopes of compromise.This showed Johnsons own racism against colored people C. The Fourteenth Amendment This amendment gave citizenship to freedmen, prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights, declared the cooperator war debt fruitless and void, barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office, and punished any state that qualified extension of the right to vote to black men. This was a major move in African Ame rican rights. It excluded women altogether in the right to vote and gained much protest from womens rights groups. D. The Souths and Johnsons Defiance, 1866At the urging of President Johnson, all southern states except Tennessee rejected the Fourteenth Amendment. Having won overwhelmingly in the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans stubborn to form new southern state governments. Johnson personally went and spoke about how Radicals were traitors for taking over reconstruction E. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867-1868 Congress set up five military districts in the South, guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions, required congressional approval of all new state constitutions, and declared that southern states must accept the Fourteenth Amendment.First Reconstruction Act admitted all states back into the Union. F. The stroke of Land Redistribution Thaddeus Stevens (radical) failed to win approval for his plan to confiscate and redist ribute land in the former Confederate states. G. Constitutional Crisis Congress passed a number of controversial laws, including the Tenure of Office Act (gave the senate the power to okay changes in the presidents cabinet), by overriding presidential vetoes. Johnson proceeded to take several belligerent steps, including removal of secretaire of War Stanton and giving power to civil governments and the military.These all got vetoed by Johnson then overridden by a 2/3 vote in congress.. Congressional tyranny? H. Impeachment of President Johnson After Johnson removed Secretary of War Stanton, Congress impeached the president. This had been tried twice before. Although acquitted in the Senate, Johnson suffered politically. I. Election of 1868 Grant, a supporter of congressional Reconstruction and of black suffrage in the South, won the 1868 presidential election against Horatio Seymour. Republicans supported congressional reconstruction and black suffrage in the South where Democrat s supported white supremacy and denounced reconstruction J.Fifteenth Amendment In 1869, Radicals succeeded in passing the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Voting rights of women could still be denied and other tests could be enacted to deny voting to other groups. With this many power saw reconstruction as finished. VI. Reconstruction Politics in the South A. White Resistance Whites in the South resisted Reconstruction. Some denied freedom to their slaves, while others prevented blacks from getting land. B.Black Voters and Emergence of a Southern Republican Party thank to a large black voter turnout and restrictions on prominent Confederates, a new southern Republican Party controlled the state constitutional conventions of 1868-1870. C. Triumph of Republican Governments Republican victory in the South meant that for the first time black citizens gained political office. Southern Republicans w orked to build white support for the party. D. Industrialization Republican governments tried to industrialize the South, but higher taxes for that purpose drew money away from education and other reforms.E. Republican Policies on Racial Equality Economic progress remained uppermost in the minds of most southern blacks. They accepted segregated facilities in return for other opportunities. F. The Myth of Negro Rule Southern Conservatives used economic and social pressure on blacks as well as inflammatory racist propaganda to spelunk congressional Reconstruction. G. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags In their propaganda, Conservatives labeled northerners seeking economic opportunity as carpetbaggers and white southerners who supported the Republicans as scalawags. H. Tax Policy and Corruption as Political Wedges Although an increase in taxes was necessary just to arrest traditional services, Republican tax policies aroused strong opposition. The corruption with which Republicans were char ged was often true. I. Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan terrorized black leaders in an effort to curb their support for the Republicans. J. Failure of Reconstruction A number of things brought about the topple of the Republican regimes, forcing them out of office before they instituted social and economic reforms. VII.Reconstruction Reversed A. Political Implications of Klan Terrorism Congress passed two Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 in an effort to counteract Klan violence. The laws were enforced selectively. Congressional opponents of these laws charged that Congress was infringing on states rights. B. The Liberal Republican Revolt Although Grant won reelection in 1872, the revolt of the Liberal Republicans in attendant with opposition from the Democrats reinforced Grants desire to avoid confrontation with white southerners. C. A prevalent AmnestyIn 1872, Congress offered amnesty to most remaining former Confederates, and in 1875 it offered a watered-down Civil Rights Act that the self-governing apostrophize eventually struck down. D. Reconciliation and Industrial Expansion Both industrialization and immigration surged in the years immediately after the Civil War. Then came the Panic of 1873. E. Greenbacks Versus Sound Money Many Americans wanted to keep greenbacks in circulation, but Grant, along with many Congressmen, industrialists, and financiers, supported sound money. F. Judicial Retreat from ReconstructionSupreme Court decisions, by narrowing the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment and by denying equal rights, encouraged the northern retreat from Reconstruction. G. repugn Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 The disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden resulted in the Compromise of 1877, effectively ending Reconstruction in the South. H. Betrayal of Black Rights and the Exodusters Tens of thousands of southern African Americans felt betrayed by the election of 1876 and decided to leave the South where they could no longer hope for equal rights.