Policy Review And The Lucas Criticisms Essay - 919 Words

Policy Review and the Lucas Critiques Orthodox Keynesian economists believe that the change of the money supply will lead to the change of effective demand, and further result in the change of the economy. However, in the monetary economy cycle theories, the expected monetary supply changes will not influence the total economy; the unexpected money supply changes will impact the total economic in short term. In the long term, it merely impacts the changes of general price levels, instead of on the changes of total economy. Therefore, in the issues of controlling inflation, monetary economy cycle theory believes that the governments do not need to have to spend too many costs in the relative output and employment to control the inflation, only if the public trust that the monetary authorities will implement their monetary tightening policies. In addition, new classical macroeconomics further argues that political measures to improve the total output and reduce unemployment have to find ways in the supply part. Therefore, policies work only when they inspire the microeconomic units to provide more products and labors (Grabel, 2000). Under this background, the Luca critique drew attention from the world. Lucas (1976) argued in his article that changes in government policies would result in the changes of parameters in the macro econometric models. Therefore, it is ineffective to assess the effects of different policies based on large scale macro econometric model. It isShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment1662 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches to point B, the unemployment rate tends to be low, but the price level goes up at the same time. According to the explanation, Samuelson and Solow believed that the policy used to intervene economy should be effective, because policymakers can chose a target point on the curve by conducting monetary and fiscal policy, which will be able to influence the aggregate demand. This model could well explain some past economic situations. For example, the US’ Great Depression, from 1929 to 1933,Read MoreA Brief Note On The Growth Theory And The Dual Sector Model Of Economic Development Essay3646 Words   |  15 PagesScience (Finance and Economics) KCA UNIVERSITY November, 2014 â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Abstract.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦..3 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................................4 2.0 Literature review: Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2.1 Migration and the Dual Sector Model of Economic Development†¦..†¦..6 3.0 Causes of Rural-Urban Migration in Kenya..................................................10 3.1 Issues Faced in10 3.2 Migrat11 3.3Read MoreThe Theory Of Growth And Development1499 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities and individual firms.According to Romer (1993), all increases in standards of living can be traced to discoveries of more valuable arrangements for the things in the earth‟s crust and atmosphere. No amount of savings and investment, no policy of macroeconomic fine-tuning, no set of tax and spending incentives can generate sustained economic growth unless it is accompanied by the countless large and small discoveries that are required to create more value from a fixed set of natural resourcesRead MoreTheories Of Growth And Growth Models2257 Words   |  10 Pagespremium over a fixed average subsistence level of wages in the traditional agricultural sector. At the constant urban wage, the supply curve of rural labour to the modern sector is considered to be perfectly elastic Todaro and Stephen (2011). 2.3 Review of Related Literature There exists a vast body of literature on the Phillips Curve. Research studies on the topic began appearing as early as in the 1960s. Samuelson and Solow (1960) examined the relationship between unemployment and inflation inRead MoreGrowth Theories Of Growth And Growth Models2256 Words   |  10 Pagespremium over a fixed average subsistence level of wages in the traditional agricultural sector. At the constant urban wage, the supply curve of rural labour to the modern sector is considered to be perfectly elastic Todaro and Stephen (2011). 2.3 Review of Related Literature There exists a vast body of literature on the Phillips Curve. Research studies on the topic began appearing as early as in the 1960s. Samuelson and Solow (1960) examined the relationship between unemployment and inflation inRead MoreEssay about Professional Issues3311 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction In this assignment, I will review the debate on professionalism. Looking at the teacher as a professional and discussing their professionalism. I will highlight the differences and the similarities between professionalism in education and several other professional vocations. I will discuss the shifting views of professional status of both mainstream teachers and FE teachers, and developments and where I see the FE sector heading. I will go on to review conceptions of reflective practiceRead MoreThe Successes and Failures of the Mission1135 Words   |  5 Pagesfailed to make post-war Libya situation better. Such insecurity could not only create a humanitarian disaster but also could lead to the appearance of new authoritarian leaders or the disintegration in Libya. In addition to harsh international criticism, UN’s effort to intervene into Libya showed some bright outcomes. The operation of NATO in Libya has been hailed as model interference. There are two major successes in this mission. Firstly, the alliance had rapid reaction with the strategic plansRead MoreEconomic Growth Theories and Models, A section of a Research Paper1524 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature review Classical Theory of Economic Growth Harrod Domar Growth Model The Neoclassical growth Model Empirical literature 2.1 Theoretical Literature The long history of ideas on economic growth started from the classical economists like Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. For more than three decades the Neoclassical and the Endogenous Growth theories were arguing and forwarding economic reasons on trend of economic growth through investment as a general and private investmentRead More Henry VIII and his Reformation of the Church in England Essay2434 Words   |  10 Pagesstandards. Lollards, who aimed much criticism at the Church, and Evangelicals, who actually had very little support in England, were fundamentally opposed to the Church because they were ideologically different, which is why they criticised it. Heresy was not commonà ¢? ¦it would seem that Englishmen were well enough satisfied with the traditional faith as far as its teachings were concerned. (Henry S. Lucas). The Hunne case, which caused much criticism to be levelled at the ChurchRead MoreImplementing A Leadership Position At A Graduate Program Offers Opportunity For Young Professionals1928 Words   |  8 PagesStudent-led program 7. Opportunities for reflection and ongoing evaluation of efforts A lack of clear goals and objectives has been cited as one of the key reasons why peer education programs fail (Partners Against Hate, 2002). To avoid this failure, a policy and procedures was written to clearly outline the duties of the position (Addendum A). An area of focus gives the leader a specific focus in which they can practice leadership skills and accomplish their goals (Partners Against Hate, 2002). Multiple

Analysis Of George Orwell s 1984 - 1970 Words

1984 by George Orwell George Orwell’s novel, 1984, focuses on heavily on a fairly small lineup of characters, mainly focusing on the central character and protagonist, Winston Smith whose central conflict stems from his moral discontent with the tyrannical Party. Winston is an ultimately very relatable character, an ordinary man who finds himself fighting for his very existence as an individual against the unrelenting will of the government. Unlike Julia, the only other confirmed rebel in the novel, Winston’s insurrection is based off of ideals and he remains curious about how Oceania works and, more importantly, why it functions the way it does. ‘The immediate advantages of falsifying the past were obvious, but the ultimate motive was mysterious. He took up his pen again and wrote: I understand HOW: I do not understand WHY.’ (101) From his very introduction, Winston shows an intense, introspective intellect in his journal entries and monologues, without becoming too far removed from the average person. Throughout the novel, Winston transforms from a small, uncertain figure whose paranoia governs most of his actions to a brave, albeit reckless, man driven by passion. Through his approachable manner, Orwell succeeds in adding a very personal note to 1984, as Winston’s struggles and failures are very compelling and engaging. Winston himself often comes across as more of a symbol than a character; his struggle between individualism vs. collectivism and good vs. evil. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984 a manRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizensRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 949 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"1984† is a story which takes place in what was then the future of England. The book illustrates a dystopian society in which a government figure named â€Å"Big Brother† rules above all. The country is surrounded by eyes so to speak, devices called â€Å"telescreens† are in houses and buildings to monitor wha t all of the citizens are doing via camera. Coupled with that is the existence of the â€Å"Thought Police† whose sole job is to monitor citizens from committing â€Å"thoughtcrime† which is essentially thinkingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 923 Words   |  4 Pages1984, is a book written by George Orwell giving the reader a view of what a dystopian government would be like. The government of Oceania controls the lives of it’s citizens; posters of a figure known as â€Å"Big Brother† are seen all over and emphasize that he is always watching it’s citizens. The government enforces rules and regulations amongst it’s citizens, restricting them from giving their own opinion or even opposing the government. Thoughtcrime, face crime, and double think are all strictlyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841450 Words   |  6 PagesThose familiar with George Orwell’s â€Å"1984† will recall that â€Å"Newspeak was de signed not to extend but to diminish the range of thought.† I recently felt the weight of this Orwellian ethos when many of my students sent emails to inform me, and perhaps warn me, that my name appears on the Professor Watchlist, a new website created by a conservative youth group known as Turning Point USA. I could sense the gravity in those email messages, a sense of relaying what is to come. The Professor Watchlist’sRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841377 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious types of governments, such include democracy, oligarchy, and more specifically, totalitarian. A totalitarian government gains extensive amounts of control and power over all of their people, and dominate over every aspect of their lives. George Orwell’s â€Å"1984,† conveys to its readers how the government presented totalitarianism and obtained control over their citizens. This action by the government compares to the massacre of the Holocaust, which portrayed the act of totalitarianism by aiming discriminationRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841029 Words   |  5 Pages Imagine a world where everything you knew had to be forgotten, and you knew nothing more then what was being told to you. In George Orwell’s book 1984 this is exactly the case. Winston Smith, a m iddle aged man, lives a life already planned for him. Smith works at the Ministry of Truth rewriting the news and other articles to follow the teachings of Big Brother. Big Brother is the leader of Oceania, one of three world powers, and aims to rewrite the past to control the present. Oceania is separatedRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst civilizations of mankind, yet it is difficult find one that is perfect even till today. George Orwell shows an example of this within 1984. 1984 was written based on what Orwell thought the government would be like in 1984. He used his personal knowledge and experience with the government to create his story. The setting of 1984 is set in a superstate where there is a totalitarian government. Within 1984 and the 21st century one major key stands out: corruption rules both governments. Trust isRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841026 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1984, by George Orwell violence contributed to the plot by having three stages of reintegration. The stages are to learn, understand, and to accept, Winston was forced to learn that 2+2=5 under torture, understanding that the party is good, and seeks power for its own. Winston accepts and understands the Party and Big Brother as soon as Winston wishes the burden of torture on someone else who he loves, and to learn that Big Brother is eternal and that 2+2=5, Winston then is committed and loyalRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom. A growing debate concerning Orwell’s 1984 relevancy is quickly on the rise. Orwell’s fear of a totalitarian society led him to write this book as he lived during the totalitarian movement in Russia. The fear of a totalitarian society spreading sparked his fear and wrote this book to make people understand that it is not benef icial to society. I feel that with the the National Security Agency in the United States, the issue and relevancy of 1984 has never been higher. The public is discovering

The Role of Nigerian National Assembly - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3087 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? THE ROLE OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN THE BUDGET PROCESS A PAPER WRITTEN BY DANIEL OMOLEWA OGUNSOLA APRIL, 2009 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary3 2. Introduction4 3. Balance of Budgetary Powers5 4. The National Assembly in Nigeria’s Budget Process7 4. 1. Legal Framework8 4. 2. Institutional capacity10 4. 2. 1 Effective Appropriation Committee Capacity10 4. 2. 1 Establishment of a Budget Office10 a. Journey So Far11 b. Challenges11 c. Prospects11 4. 3 Political Will of Individual Legislators11 5. Budget Implementation12 6. Conclusion14 1. Executive Summary The paper seeks to analyse the three identified variables as determining the actual role of the Nigerian legislature in the budget process. The Nigerian budget process under the military has a history of executive dominance, very poor public expenditure management and lack of accountability and transparency. This provides the background to the emerged democratic budgeting process and ultimately explains t he various challenges being faced by the legislature and the public in the process of scrutinising the budgets of the country. Under military rule, the budget process was mostly characterised by executive dominance, poor financial management, poor implementation, and generally a lack of transparency and accountability. Since the advent of our recently evolving democratic experience, the expectations are that a new culture of democracy will be institutionalised to ensure that the allocation of public resources is in line with the needs of the population. Amongst the new actors that are now jostling for a voice in budget policy are the country’s National Assembly and civil society organisations (CSOs). Budget implementation plays a very crucial role in the realization of the primary purpose of government, which is the guarantee of the security and welfare of the people. There is need for a clear departure from the regime of corruption and waste that have been entrenched i n the Nigerian public finance system in order for this lofty dream to be attained. This therefore mandates the legislature to push the frontiers of citizens, pro-poor budgeting a step further, by not only reducing some estimates of the executive, but also inserting provisions for developmental projects to be cited in each federal constituency being represented by the legislators. Sustainability of this new legislative development biased initiative will depend largely on new capacities including innovative legislations to be put in place to ensure proper scrutiny of budget implementation, through its effective monitoring and continuous critical evaluation. . Introduction According to Chief Ken Nnamani, the immediate past President of the Nigerian Senate, the Legislature is a co-manager of the Natural Economy â€Å"I have emphasised the importance of a credible legislative framework to complement executive actions for economic development. Economic development is an interaction be tween culture, insititutions and economic behaviours. This interaction needs to be structured and coordinated in order to achieve the desired result. Law performs this work of coordination. As lawmakers our responsibility is to help provide frameworks that enable high quality coordination of economic activities† Budget implementation plays a very crucial role in the realization of the primary purpose of government, which is the guarantee of the security and welfare of the people. Capital projects provide government with an opportunity to impact on the lives of the people in a positive way. However, recent experience on the implementation of capital budgets in Nigeria leaves much to be desired with increasing returns of unspent funds to the Treasury year after year. As such, the infrastructure, capital components of education, health, etc of the Federal budget are left unspent while the indicators in the sectors continue their negative dive. Thus, the link between policy, planning and budgets in the current approach to budgeting through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework continues to weaken through the inability to implement capital budgets. Also, Nigeria’s quest to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) is frustrated by this development. 3. Balance of Budgetary Powers When presenting the 2006 budget to the National Assembly, the then Senate President, in his speech stated that â€Å" The National Budget is an important policy tool, hence the constitution requires Mr. President to present, and the National Assembly to approve, estimates of the revenues and expenditures of the Federation for the next financial year, which in Nigeria follows the lunar year. The power to approve includes the power to analyse, debate, amend and enact into law the estimates presented by Mr. President. The principle of separated institutions sharing power† is clearly illustrated in budgeting†. During the 2009 budget cycle, the legislature not only reduced some important expenditure items as proposed by the executive, the National Assembly also took liberty to increase allocation for several items and introduce several new items into the budget. The National Assembly, as stated by the Chairman of the Committee on Appropriation, however made effort to comply with overriding macro-economic projections of the executive and endeavoured to stay within the general principle of the budget. In my own opinion, the egislature pushed the frontiers of citizens, pro-poor budgeting a step further, by inserting development projects to be cited in each federal constituency being represented by the legislators. There are however, some of the insertions of the legislature that are subject to public protestations. It was widely reported in the Nigerian press, that the President Umar Musa Yar’adua may have stated that the courts would have to decide the expediency of the legislature outrightly removing some items and not stopping at that, still inserting additional expenditure items. The Guardian learnt yesterday that the presidency has obtained advice of the office of the Attorney-General of the Federation and may head to court soon to seek judicial interpretation of the powers of the NASS to reduce budgets as proposed and increase theirs so arbitrarily. The NASS members allegedly increased their votes from N64. 517 billion to N111. 38 billion but cut drastically votes for many of the projects the presidency is to implement† 4. The National Assembly in Nigeria’s Budget Process Budget Preparation As I observed during the Budget and Parliament Course, on the discussion forum, in South Africa, the Committee on Finance and its Joint Budget Committee is involved in the budget process before being tabled in Parliament. I understand that portfolio committees also report on departmental annual reports in time for these reports to be taken into account in making the next budget allocations. In Ma lawi, it was stated by one of the participants that the parliamentary Budget and Finance Committee meets the Minister of Finance to discuss the Draft Budget Estimates before its presentation in the House, the Committee giving its advice on what should be modified or amended after consultations with other stakeholders. In Canada, the Finance Committee take hearings on an economic and fiscal update that is presented ahead of the budget. Recommendations are then passed to the executive. A participant described in another discussion how the Rwanda Parliament passed a budget law which describes all processes which must be followed by all institutions during the budget process. It should be stated that in Nigeria, a standard budget practice is evolving, at the moment, the legislature is not involved in anyway in the preparation of the budget document, it is done between the Ministry of Finance, the Federal Budget Office, Ministry of National Planning and the respective MDAs. A budge t process bill has once been introduced in the Senate to stipulate the procedure and processes, including time frames to be adhered to by each stakeholder in the budget process, it has yet to see the light of the day. However, there has evolved a regular time-table, which is being followed by the National Assembly in the appropriation process, there is still need for legislation to specify the role of each party in the budget process from evaluation of previous budget cycle, rolling over into the present budget cycle. Clearly from the provisions of Sections 80 and 81 of the 1999 constitution, appropriation powers are vested on the National Assembly to approve federal budget. The Constitution, in Section 80 (3) states: No money shall be withdrawn from any public fund of the federation, other than the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation, unless the issue of those moneys has been authorised by an Act of the National Assembly. Section 80 (4) further states: No money shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Revenue fund or any other public fund of the Federation, except in the manner prescribed by the National Assembly. In Sections 83 (1) and (2) it further vests the power to provide for Contingencies Fund and Supplementary Estimates where the need arises. It is therefore clear that the Constitution has given the Legislature enormous powers in the budget process. The House of Representatives (and its appropriation Committee) has a crucial role to play in ensuring that appropriated funds are used to improve the living conditions of the people rather than being returned to the Treasury. 4. 1. Legal Framework A comprehensive legal framework is generally believed to be an essential component of an effective and enduring budget system. This framework can exist as part of a country’s constitution, or can be adopted through other legislation. A key goal of a well articulated legal framework is to help ensure that adequate checks and balances have bee n established for the budget system. Thus, the legal framework can ensure that there is a role for the legislature and for independent auditing institutions, guarding against the total dominance and potential abuse of the budget system by the executive. A legal framework that clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the executive and legislative branches in the budget system, and of independent institutions such as the Auditor General, is essential to establishing accountability. The clarification of roles and responsibilities can also extend to the different levels of government, providing an indication of which tier is responsible for delivering which public services or which revenues can be raised by the different tiers. A legal framework should also establish the rules and regulations that guide the budget decision-making process and the management of government revenue and public expenditure. Even simple rules can be important, such as setting the key dates in the budg et process and defining the reporting obligations for the executive. These rules also can dictate the scope of the budget or spell out the often complex procedures surrounding the procurement of goods and services by the public sector. Approaches vary, however, with some egal frameworks including a significant number of procedural details and others giving more flexibility to government managers. Even in the latter case, the legal framework will include a minimum set of requirements to ensure that managers can be assessed and the public interest protected. Ideally, the budget should capture all of the financial transactions of government — the total revenues to be collected, funds to be expended, debts to be repaid, and new and old liabilities to be incurred. The full picture of the government’s financial status cannot be captured if some programs, agencies or commitments are not captured in or outside the budget simply referred to as â€Å"extra-budgetary commitme nts† in the Nigerian Public Expenditure Management mantra. 4. 2. Institutional capacity 4. 2. 1 Effective Appropriation Committee Capacity An effective Appropriation Committee should be well equipped and staffed. As presently constituted, the House of Representatives, with about 20 permanent staff, is one of the best staffed Committees of the House of Representatives. However, this is far to few considering the huge responsibility upon the committee by the Constitution. 4. 2. 1 Establishment of a Budget Office Strategic legislative monitoring and evaluation of capital budget implementation has become an imperative if the living conditions of Nigerians will be improved. The Appropriation Act being a law is not to be breached through non implementation of its estimates. And this calls for new legislative capacity to ensure that the provisions of the Appropriation Act are implemented at least to the extent of available resources. The legislature require improved capacity to ensure the fulfilment of the citizens aspirations. The Appropriation Committee is tasked with ensuring that the people get value for money and public funds are managed, administered and disbursed according to authorisation. So far in the Nigerian legislature, issues regarding Public Expenditure Management, is presently saddled with the Appropriation Committees of both houses (being a bi-cameral legislature), and the Public Accounts Committees (PAC). However, this capacity is inadequate. There is therefore an urgent need to establish the National Assembly Budget and Research Office. Barry Anderson, in his paper †The Value of a Non-partisan, Independent, Objective Analytic Unit to the Legislative Role in Budget Preparation† he says that a legislative budget unit, â€Å"In its most basic terms, an independent analytic budget unit can provide information to put the legislature on a more equal footing with the executive† And also, it simplifies complexity, promotes transparency, enhances credibility, promotes accountability, improves the budget process, Serves both the majority and minority, and provides rapid responses. a. Journey So Far The NABRO Bill, has been in the legislative works since the advent of democracy in Nigeria in 1999. However due to several possible factors, it has suffered defeat in each of the Assemblies up until now. At present, the National Assembly Budget and Research Office Bill was passed by the House of Representatives and is therefore awaiting passage by the Senate, once this stage is over, the bill goes for harmonization in case there are differences between the two houses’versions, for onward transmission to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, for assent. The Bill then becomes a law and the National Assembly Budget and Research Office would then be established. There appears to be high political willingness on the part of the individual legislators to ensure that NABRO takes off. This i s evident in the budgetary provision that was included in the 2009 budget for the take off of the office. b. Challenges The general lack of understanding of bureaucrats and some legislators in the operations of NABRO has been the major setback. c. Prospects When NABRO is finally established, it will provide the National Assembly with objective, timely and non-partisan analysis needed for economic and budget decisions and with the information and estimates required for use in the budget process. 4. 3 Political Will of Individual Legislators More than ever, there is a high level of determination and awareness among legislators in the Nigerian National Assembly to ensure an effective budgeting system that is strong enough to deliver the â€Å"dividends of democracy† which is effective service delivery to the citizens of Nigeria. In various fora, the Speaker of the House of Representatives has clearly stated the position of the House of Representatives to reposition the PEM along the path of input, output and outcome. This shift in paradigm has given the House of Representatives a clear direction in the past two years and they have exhibited a high spirit in the various leakages in the public financial system that have been discovered by them and efforts made to block them. For example, before the present budget season, the House of Representatives leadership had made several public statements revealing the existence of several accounts of the Federation, that have never been included in the revenue framework of previous budgets, yet being expended by the executive in contravention of the provisions of section 80 of the constitution. 5. Budget Implementation There has been growing dissatisfaction amongst the parliamentarians over the performance of the executive in the implementation of the budget. For example, during the 2007 budget cycle, the National Assembly rated the budget implementation at 60%, the 2008 budget cycle didn’t attain a s much performance rating, with a 30% mark given by the legislature. This however became a subject of conflict between the executive and the legislature, passing the buck at the table of each other. Part of the reasons adduced by the executive for this low budget implementation performance is that Ministries, Departments and Agencies of government didn’t fully understand the provisions of the Public Procurement Bill usually called â€Å"Due Process†. These issues are being fine-tuned to avoid the pitfalls of last year. In order to forestall this occurrence in the 2009 Appropriation cycle, the legislature, while passing the appropriation bill inserted some legal provisions in the Appropriation Act, to ensure that periodical reports are submitted to the National Assembly by Ministries and Departments who are charged with the responsibilities of executing the budget. Some of the sections are; Section 6 (2) The Accountant General of the Federation shall forward to the N ational Assembly full details of the funds released to the government agencies immediately such funds are released† Section 7 The Minister of Finance shall ensure that funds appropriated under this Act are release to the appropriate agencies, and organs of government as and when due, provided that no funds from any quarter of the fiscal year shall be deferred without prior waiver from the National Assembly. In the foregoing provisions, beyond the duties placed on the Accountant General and the Minister of Finance, reports from MDA’s on received disbursements will further verify whether the two officials have complied with their duties. Section 25: (1) The Federal Government shall cause to be drawn up in each financial year, an Annual cash plan which shall be prepared by the office of the accountant general of the federation. Section 26: The Minister shall within 30 days of the enactment of the Appropriation Act, prepare and publish a disbursement schedule derived from the annual cash plan for the purposes of implementing the Appropriation Act. 6. Conclusion Improved budget implementation will lead to improved policy implementation and better planning. There is an inextricable linkage between planning, policy and budgeting in the Medium Term Expenditure Framework, which is being practiced in Nigeria at the moment. An improved budget implementation will also lead to enhanced service delivery by government to the people, it would also produce reduction of waste and inefficiency in public service delivery. To ensure improved budget participation and a harmonious flow of budgetary information and performance in Nigeria, the legislature need improved capacity. The role of the legislature in the process of budgeting, macro-economic planning and policy implementation cannot be over-emphasised in the emerging global economic realities. References †¢The Third Way: Leading Democratic Change through Institutional Interdependence – A se lection of speeches of Senator Ken Nnamani. Edited by: Dr. Sam Amadi, KNCLD, (2006) †¢National Treasury, South Africa 2005, McGee (2007), p. 21 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Due Process and Procurement in the Nigerian Public Sector† Dr Chika N. Oguonu, https://www. hollerafrica. com/showArticle. php? catId=1artId=248 The Role of Parliaments in the Budget Process, Edited by Riccardo Pelizzo, Rick Stapenhurst and David Olson, World Bank Institute, (2005) †¢The Value of a Nonpartisan, Independent, Objective Analytic Unit to the Legislative Role in Budget Preparation, Barry Anderson, World Bank Institute, (2005) †¢ â€Å"Due Process Mechanism and Digital Opportunities† Paper Presented to the University Community at Princess Alexandria Auditorium, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Ezekwesili O (2005) †¢Parliament and the Budget Course– http//apps. parliamentarystrengthening. org/Forum Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Nigerian National Assembly" essay for you Create order

Media Studies - 763 Words

Summer Homework: Waterloo road is a BBC one TV drama that focuses on teenage lives who attend high school; the plots are always focused on events in pupil’s lives within the school and outside of school. The show also focuses on adults related to the school or the teenagers/pupils. Waterloo road is not a watershed tv drama therefore is suitable for most age groups. The characters are represented in many different ways, for example represented by their class/status, sexuality, physical ability/disability, ethnicity, age and gender, regional identity. The representations are shown through mise en scene, as the characters who differ from various class/status are shown to have lack of self-health and lack of money to afford things, a†¦show more content†¦Whereas girls are shown to be wearing skirts,dresses,figure hugging clothing and heels, jewelry and hair accessories. 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For Colored Girls Essay - 1180 Words

For colored girls (FCG) is Tyler Perry’s adaption to Shange’s first and most acclaimed, theater piece. Shange’s original work was not so much of a play with an ongoing plot; rather, it consist of a series of emotional poetic monologues accompanied with dance movements and music. Shange called her work a â€Å"choreopoem.† The original work by Shange and Perry’s adaption deal with black feminism and what it means to be a black women living in America. The poems deal with love, abandonment, domestic violence, rape, and abortion, embodied by each womans story. The end of the play brings together all of the women for a laying on of hands, in which Shange evokes the power of womanhood.†¦show more content†¦Many black feminist felt that Perry would goof it up and turn it into another Madea movie cash cow. One article even stated that Oprah Winfrey, didn’t even want him to make the film. Now I’ve learned that even Tyler’s clos e pal Oprah Winfrey did not want him to make the film version of the iconic 1975 play by Ntozake Shange. And that her reaction echoed the outrage of many black females along the lines of, â€Å"How dare you!† because the storyline is profoundly their story, not any man’s, and especially not his. (Nikki Finke, 2010). Many black feminist were outrage because Shange’s work is a landmark to black feminism and African American Literature. People were also skeptical because prior to the release of the film, Tyler Perry, had only done African American romantic comedies. Essentially, nobody thought he would be able to â€Å"stick to the script† and produce a film with such a strong relatable message. Real recognizing real. FCG is relatable to women of color because their stories are universal to black women. Their stories are my stories. FCG gives a small voice to women who struggle with the color of their skin. 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Revolution Essay Example For Students

Revolution Essay RevolutionDestruction of statues, screaming in the streets, rash actions, hasty decisions, and adrenaline-influenced outbursts. Prim and proper, fancy meetings, organized schedules, time for tea, and the thought of perfection. Total opposites are bound to clash at sometime or another, and for America, that time was now. The movie Revolution shows us movingly and realistically how the Revolutionary War was led up to, how the years of battles continued, and how finally victory was attained. Poor King George III had no idea what hit him. All of the colonies now had their own governments to lean on, their own Declaration of Independence already being passed out among the people, and their own volunteer army. The famous Liberty or Death was their cry. No more repression for the people of America, they believed that God was on their side, and it was time for freedom. When the battles began, first they were tiny squabbles that were simple and not messy. But as time passed, so did being civilized, anything and everything that would hurt the enemy in any way that could be done, was done. For that reason, on top of others, hospitals were needed. They were lacking in every department except for amputation. But since sanitary conditions were impossible, almost all had their wounds infected, and would die from the aftermath of that. During battles there was always a flag present. No matter what happened, there was always someone carrying the flag. As soon as someone would get take n out, another would run and pick it up to show that you just cant keep a good man down. Also, when people traveled in and out of battle areas, they would need flags to show their business and whom they supported. For example, if a wagon came in that brought rations for the colonists, they would first need to pay a toll, have an American flag, and a white flag to show they werent in battle. But usually, and unfortunately, in the heat of madness and testosterone, those battle codes were not heeded. The fighting tactics were primitive. It usually was to make the other army move back a smidgen, take a break, then try again to kill, kill, kill. For the British, when a battle was won over a colony, they would parade through the streets with the remaining soldiers, the wounded and captured American soldiers. Any person who didnt support the British was taken prisoner and was used as examples for the others. They would have no privileges, no rights, so the British would use them for anythi ng, to kill as entertainment, become a servant of some kind, or even be the fox in a jolly-good time of hound hunting. While speaking of hunting, Native Americans also played a great part in the Revolutionary War. Either the British or the Americans hired them. They were asked to help track and kill enemies or escaped prisoners and also were excellent scouts. It may have taken a while, but another ally of the Americans was the French. With both helping, the optimum outcome was achieved. In the end of our war, America celebrated her victories with packed streets and happy returns. The dreams of the colonists, a place to be, no one to bow down to, you can say what you feel, you can make a home for your family, they had come true. A fitting and appropriate quote that the movie embodied, Thats the idea of America a revolution.

Manager Role-Henry Mintzberg’s Management Roles free essay sample

Management is the process of coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2006). Efficiently in management is due to maximum output from the least amount of input; effectively is done the work activities completely to ensure the goals are achieved. A Manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating his/her work activities in order to achieved organizational goals. All managers have to act as a leader to attain the goals. There are three type levels of managers which are top level manager, middle manager, and first-line manager. Managers carry out functions, roles and skills. Management functions are planning, organizing, leading and controlling as stated by Henri Fayol. However, Henry Mintzberg defined management roles into three parts which are interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. Besides, Robert L. Katz states that managers need three essential skills or competencies which are technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills. The objective of this essay is to discuss the roles of manager in practice relate to Henry Mintzberg’s management roles. Based on the interview, it was found that the manager actually put into practice the skill introduced by Henry Mintzberg. Following discussion will be relates the manager interviewed with Mintzberg’s management roles. Description of the manager interviewed The manager interviewed (Ms. Ong) is thirty-five years old and has a marketing degree. She had been involved in managerial position for nine years. Now, she is the Corporate Affairs Manager in her current company, which is a position of middle manager. This company relates to communications technology. It is a multinational company which operate local and internationally. Instead, she has to plan and organize events to enhance relationship with business partners and customers. This is to ensure the company keeps on track with the suppliers and buyers from time to time on the updated products and services. Besides, she plan and organize the customer’s satisfaction survey to ensure customers satisfaction maintained at all times. Due to the survey, it is to improve and maintain the company’s reputation among customers. Her greatest achievement in the company is developed a new website for the group. She is maintaining the website to ensure the news is up to date. Definition and introduction to Mintzberg’s management roles The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behaviour (Robbins et al, 2006). From this sagacity, it shows the different roles have different behaviours are expected in different position. In Mintzberg’s ten management roles, he grouped the roles in three categories. First, those who concerned with interpersonal relationships (Interpersonal), follow up with those who concerned with the transfer information (Informational), and those who concerned with decision making (Decisional). Firstly, interpersonal roles required to perform duties that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature (Robbins et al, 2006). There are three interpersonal roles, which are figurehead role, leader role, and liaison role. These interpersonal roles are primarily concerned with provide information. Secondly, informational roles are managerial roles that involve receiving, collecting and disseminating information (Robbins et al, 2006). There are three informational roles, which are monitor role, disseminator role, and spokesperson role. It is primarily concerned with the information process with the information aspects of managerial works. Thirdly, Mintzberg identified decisional roles which revolve around making decisions (Robbins et al, 2006). This is the unique access of using information to the organizational decision making. There are four decisional roles, which are entrepreneur role, disturbance handler role, resource allocator role, and negotiator role. The top managers will make the decisions for the organization as a whole, while the supervisor makes decisions for his or her particular work unit. Henry Mintzberg’s management roles with manager interviewed As described above, Ms. Ong is a middle level manager. Middle managers included all levels of management between the first-line level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers (Robbins et al, 2006). Ms.Ong as a middle level manager is responsible to attain the goals set by the top management. The first roles, which is the interpersonal roles is implemented much in the manager management roles. The manager interviewed mentioned that she uses very much interpersonal skills to ensure the ability to work with individuals and groups. This helps the manager to communicate with first-line and top management to process the information. The manager takes the responsibility to motivate members of the organization and ensure the organization keep on track with their goals to be attained. In the liaison role, the manager interacts with media on publicity for the organization to maintain the reputation. The leader role helps the manager to maintain relationship on developing network with the subordinates and media. This role gives the manager a unique position to collect information for her job. Secondly, the informational roles is the role the manager uses very much in managerial roles. In the monitor role, the manager receives and collects information. The information collected will processes and hand to the top management for decisions making. As an example, the manager will develop the Marketing Communication plans, promotional strategies and communication programmes to improve customers’ relationship. Yet, these plans need approval from the top management before it launch in the market. In the role of disseminator, the manager will produce monthly and quarterly newsletters and all other company’s publications into the organization. Besides, the manager plays the role of spokesperson by compile corporate information for release to press or public. Instead, the manager liaise with business partners on events or promotions pertaining to each products and services. As a corporate affairs manager, the manager plays her informational roles very well in the organization. Thirdly, as a middle level manager, the manager involves moderate little amount in decisions making. The manager accesses the information to the top management while the top level management will analyse and decide the best undertakings for the organization. Yet, as the corporate affairs manager, she has the responsible to review and approve selection of promotional media and agencies, then evaluate the cost effectiveness of the advertising programmes and campaigns to ensure maximum publicity for the organization. This shows how the manager captures the role of disturbance handler. It shows the manager will do the decisions making for her particular job unit not other than that. Overall, the manager interviewed has good social communication skills to communicate with the customers and business partners. These will ensure the organization’s reputation is well protected. The manager plays her roles well by applying Mintzberg’s management roles in her job. A manager should always apply the ten roles in Mintzberg’s management roles to handle their job. In addition, the manger mentioned that human skills stated in Katz theory is very much needed to deal with subordinates and business partners. By having the best performance of the subordinates, the manager will take action on giving some motivation rewards. Somehow, the manager thinks that rewards lead motivation in the overall performance in their group. This will ensure the overall group performance to be more efficient and effectively. Two stakeholders that impacts on the work of the manager interviewed Stakeholders are any constituencies in the organisation’s external environment that are affected by the organisation’s decisions and actions (Robbins et al, 2006). From the manager interviewed, there are many stakeholders such as employees, customers, business partners, media, and others. In this case, two important stakeholders chosen are employees and media. The manager states, employees are the important stakeholders in the organization. Employees are the subordinate that will contribute a lot in the organization. Each employee contribute one information or data, meanwhile the manager will collect and analyse the information or data. In the end of the day, it will process as an important document in the organization. To ensure the good relationship between employees, the manager will organize a party when they had done their project. This is to motivate the employees due to the organization goals are attained. Other than that, the manager will provide subordinates a cup of coffee or tea during the tea time break. Without a good relationship with the employees, the manager’s work will be futile. In the same time, the employees will willing to sacrifice and support the manager when the manager making decisions. Secondly, as a corporate affairs manager, the manager deals a lot with the media. Media plays an important role in helping the organization to achieve the goals. Meanwhile, it may create bias to the organization as well. In brief, media divided to two which are mass and electronic. In mass media, the manager deal with the editors to prevent bad press. Additionally, the manager will build good relationship with the editors in mass media to do advertising on new product releases or successful projects in the mass media. In electronic media, the manager will post all press articles on organization in the company website. This is to keep the company’s stakeholders update information. In conclusion, keeping a good relationship with stakeholders, the manager can achieve the organizational goals effectively and efficiently. The stakeholders will fully co-operate with the manager in the decisions making. They will serve or obey the order in advance. Conclusion The main objective of this essay is to understand the work of a manager in practice relates to Mintzberg’s management roles. Based on the interview of a corporate affairs manager in a multinational organization, it was found that Mintzberg’s ten management roles are being applied in the organization. In brief, Mintzberg’s management roles is categorized in three groups which are interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. Besides Mintzberg’s management roles, in real life manager should apply other skills and theories to be more effective and efficient.